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1、UndergraduateTextsinMathematicsEditorsS.AxlerF.W.GehringK.A.RibetSaberElaydiAnIntroductiontoDifferenceEquationsThirdEditionSaberElaydiDepartmentofMathematicsTrinityUniversitySanAntonio,Texas78212USAEditorialBoardS.AxlerF.W.GehringK.A.RibetMathematicsDepartmentMath
2、ematicsDepartmentDepartmentofSanFranciscoStateEastHallMathematicsUniversityUniversityofMichiganUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,CA94132AnnArbor,MI48109atBerkeleyUSAUSABerkeley,CA94720-3840USAMathematicsSubjectClassification(2000):12031LibraryofCongressCataloging
3、-in-PublicationDataElaydi,Saber,1943–Anintroductiontodifferenceequations/SaverElaydi.—3rded.p.cm.—(Undergraduatetextsinmathematics)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-387-23059-9(acid-freepaper)1.Differenceequations.I.Title.II.Series.QA431.E432005515′.
4、625—dc222004058916ISBN0-387-23059-9Printedonacid-freepaper.©2005SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc.,233SpringStreet,NewYor
5、k,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnec-tionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinforma-tionstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthi
6、spublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(MV)987654321SPIN10950678springeronline.comPr
7、efacetotheThirdEditionIncontemplatingthethirdedition,Ihavehadmultipleobjectivestoachieve.Thefirstandforemostimportantobjectiveistomaintaintheac-cessibilityandreadabilityofthebooktoabroadreadershipwithvaryingmathematicalbackgroundsandsophistication.Moreproofs,moregr
8、aphs,moreexplanations,andmoreapplicationsareprovidedinthisedition.Thesecondobjectiveistoupdatethecontentsofthebooksothatthereaderstaysabreastofnewdevelo