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1、Chapter7TransparentConductiveZincOxideandItsDerivativesKlausEllmer7.1IntroductionZincoxide(ZnO)isaceramicmaterialandwasusedearlyinhistory,forinstanceasaprecursormaterialforbrassmanufacturinginoldchina.ZnOoccursnaturallyasthemineralzincite(Fig.7.1a).In1810itwasd
2、iscoveredbyBruceinFranklin(NewJersey,USA)asredoxideofzinc,in1845namedaszincitebyHaidinger[1].Itcanbefoundatdifferentplacesonearth:Franklin(NewJersey,USA),Sarawezza(Tuscany,Italy),Tsumeb(Namibia),Olkusz(Poland),Spain,TasmaniaandAustralia.Mostofthenaturalcrystals
3、aresmall,butfreely-formedcrystalsupto25mmwerereported,whichareexceedinglyrare[2].ZnOiscomposedofabundantelements,theabundancesofZnandOintheearthcrustare132ppmand49.4%,respectively.Thisisimportantforlarge-scaleapplicationsofZnO,forinstanceastransparentelectrodes
4、inthinfilmsolarcellsorflatpaneldisplaysandanadvantagecomparedtoindiumtinoxide(ITO),thedominanttransparentelectrodematerialtoday,whereinthemetalInhasanabun-danceintheearthcrustofonly0.1ppm.InvestigationsontheelectricalpropertiesofZnOdatebackto1912,whenSomervilleme
5、asuredtheresistivityofZnOrodsuptoahightemperatureofabout1,125C[3].Thefirstelectroniccharacterizationofpolycrystalline,bulkZnOsamples,ofZnOthinfilmsandevenofthefirstZnOsinglecrystalswasperformedbyFritschin1935[4].HeshowedthatZnOexhibitsastrongthermalactivationofth
6、econductivitytypicalforasemiconductor.HealsoperformedfirstHallmeasurementsonhisZnOsamplesandobtainedHallmobilitiesbetween7andK.EllmerDept.solarfuels,Helmholtz-Zentrumf€urMaterialienundEnergieBerlinGmbH,Hahn-Meitner-Platz1,14109Berlin,Germanye-mail:ellmer@helmhol
7、tz-berlin.deEd.D.Ginley,H.Hosono,Y.Shigesato“TransparentConductors:Materials,ProcessingandApplications(FromTransparentConductingOxidestoTransparentElectronics)”.D.S.Ginleyetal.(eds.),HandbookofTransparentConductors,193DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-1638-9_7,#SpringerSci
8、enceþBusinessMedia,LLC2010194K.EllmerFig.7.1Photographsof(left)natural(redcolouredZnOsize)zincoxide(zincite)incalcite(ZnO2size:1.51.2cm,Franklinmineralmuseum,NewJersey,USA)
