Microgrids -[an overview of ongoing research， development，and demonstration projects].pdf

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1、byNikosHatziargyriou,HiroshiAsano,RezaIravani,andChrisMarnayAnOverviewofOngoingResearch,Development,andDemonstrationProjects78IEEEpower&energymagazine1540-7977/07/$25.00©2007IEEEjuly/august2007THEPENETRATIONOFDISTRIBUTEDGENERATION(DG)atmediumandlowvoltage

2、s(MVandLV),bothinutil-itynetworksanddownstreamofthemeter,isincreasingindevelopedcountriesworldwide.OnekeyeconomicpotentialofDGapplicationatcustomerpremisesliesintheopportuni-tytolocallyutilizethewasteheatfromconversionofpri-maryfueltoelectricitybyreciproc

3、atingenginegeneratorsT(gensets),gasturbines,microturbines(MTs),orfuelcells(FCs)usingsmall-scalecombinedheatandpower(CHP)equipment.Consequently,therehasbeensignificantprogresstowarddevelopingsmall(kW-scale)CHPapplications.Thesesystems,togetherwithsolarphot

4、ovoltaic(PV)mod-ules,smallwindturbines(WTs),othersmallrenewables(suchasbiogasdigestors),heatandelectricitystorage,andcontrollableloadsareexpectedtoplayasignificantroleinfutureelectricitysupply.Thesetechnologiesarehereincol-lectivelycalleddistributedenergy

5、resources(DERs).Theycansubstantiallyreducecarbonemissions,therebycontribut-ingtothecommitmentsofmostdevelopedcountries(orinsomecasesregionalgovernments,suchasCalifornia)tomeettheirgreenhousegasemissionsreductiontargets(typi-callybasedontheKyotoProtocol),o

6、rotherwisesubstantial-lyreducetheircarbonfootprints.Also,thepresenceofgenerationclosetodemandcanincreasethepowerqualityandreliability(PQR)ofelectricitydeliveredtosensitiveend-uses.Indeed,DERscanbeusedtoactivelyenhancePQR.Ingeneral,thesethreeperceivedbenef

7、its,increasedenergyeffi-ciencythroughCHP,reducedcarbonemissions,andimprovedPQR,arethekeydriversforDERdeployment,althoughmanyotherbenefits,suchasreducedlinelossesandgridexpansiondeferral,arealsooftendiscussed.WhiletheapplicationofDERscanpotentiallyreduceth

8、eneedfortraditionalsystemexpansion,controllingapotential-lyhugenumberofDERscreatesadauntingnewchallengeforoperatingandcontrollingthenetworksafelyandefficient-ly.Thischallengecanbepartiallyaddressedbymicrogrids,which