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1、GeoJournal51:2332,2000.23©2001KluwerAcademicPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands.CapitalandEmpire:GeographiesofImperialLondonDavidGilbert&FelixDriverDept.ofGeography,RoyalHolloway,UniversityofLondon,Egham,Surrey,TW200EX,U.K.(Phone:+44-1784-443653;Fax:+44-1784-472836;e-mail:d.gilbert@
2、rhul.ac.ukf.driver@rhul.ac.uk)Received15July2000;accepted5December2000Keywords:London,imperial,capitalAbstractThenotionofempirehasoftenbeenregardedinEuropeasamatterofdiffusionandexpansion;somethingwhichhappenedoverthereratherthanclosetohome.Yettheform,useandrepresentationofmodernEu
3、ropeancitieshavebeenshapedbytheglobalhistoryofimperialisminwaysthatcontinuetomattereveninanapparentlypost-imperialage.Thesignsofempirewereprominentlydisplayedwithinthebuiltenvironmentsofallthemajorcitiesoflate-nineteenthcenturyEurope,astheycame(indifferentways)toplaytheroleofregion
4、al,nationalandimperialcapitals.Inwhatwasevidentlyapan-Europeandiscourseontheimperialcitybetweenthemid-nineteenthcenturyandthemid-twentieth,nationalmodelsweredefinedinrelationtoothernationalmodels,inaspiritofcompetitionasmuchasemulation.ThispaperexaminesthecaseofLondon.Britisharchite
5、ctsandplannersfrequentlycomplainedthatLondonlaggedbehinditsrivalsinthestruggleforimperialprimacy,giventheabsenceofstate-sponsoredprojectstoparallelHaussmannsrebuildingofParisorLeopoldsgrandplansforBrussels.Attheintra-urbanscale,theimperialcityhadageographywhichmattered:inthecaseofL
6、ondon,differentpartsofthecitywereassociatedwithdifferentaspectsofempire.Moregenerally,itisclearthatnationaldebatesoverimperialurbanismwereconditionednotsimplybyunderstandingsoftheglobalreachofEuropeanempires,butalsobyattitudestowardssocial,culturalandpoliticalchangewithinEuropeitse
7、lf.ThemodernhistoryofEuropeancapitalcitiesisastoryThesemultiplegeographiesarereflectedinmanyoftheofcompetitionandexchange.Competition,becauseinthepostersproducedtopromotetheLondonUndergrounddur-eraofthemodernnation-state,capitalcitiescametosig-ingthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.In1
8、932,fornifythecompetingasp
