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1、TheImperialStudioLittletonandHennessyNovember2009IntroductIonTheEmperorasascholarAtthecruxofeachdynasticsuccessioninChina’slonghistory,therestandstheone-in-a-millionhopingtobeinvestedwiththeHeaven’smandatetoleaditspeople.Invariablyheattainsthispositionbyformidableforceandcunning;however,itisnotbyf
2、orceandcunningalonethatthenewSonofHeavencanhopetoremaininthepositionofpower,foritistheauthorityoverpeople’smindsthatwillultimatelyensurealongandprosperousrulefortheEmperorandhisdynasty.Thelandcanbeconquered,thepowerofgovernmentcanbeusurped,sometimesevenbyalienforces;theChinesemind,however,remainsr
3、esilientandundiminished.ThroughthinkerssuchasZhouHao(AD1032–1085),ZhuXi(AD1130–1200),andWangShouren(AD1472–1539),theorthodoxschoolofConfuciansecularpragmatismgraduallyabsorbedthemetaphysicalconceptspresentinDaoismandBuddhism.WhetheritwasthroughZhuXi’s‘supremeprinciple’orWangShouren’s‘innateknowing
4、’,theNeo-Confucianelevatedthepowerofthemindabovethestate.Thecultivationofthemindbecomescentraltotheteachingofthisgroundbreakingnewschoolofthought.ThissignificantevolutionofthinkingensuredthatthecoreofChineseculturesurvivedintactthroughalltheturbulence:theChinesemindmightbowtoauthorityinthemundaner
5、ealm,butwhoeverbecomesitsrulerinvariablyisseduced,andeventuallybecomesconqueredhimself,bytheultimateauthorityoftheDao–theway,theheaven,theGreatUltimate(taiji).Tobeatrueandlegitimateruler,heneedstobecomeonewithDao.TheconceptofDaopermeatesalllevelsoftheChineseconsciousnessaswellasthesubconscious.Ato
6、nelevel,popularreligions,divination,mythsandsuperstitionsaresomeofthewayslaymenrelatetoitsmystery.Buteducatedscholarsthroughthegenerations,however,catchaglimpseofthesublimebywayofliterature,painting,music,poetryandcalligraphy.Scholarsmightveneratethosewhoabandontheworldlyandlivethelifeofasceticsan
7、dhermitsinpursuitofthemysteryofDao,butfewcouldturnawayfromtheirgivenroleinsocietyasservantsoftheirsovereign.Bybecomingtheadministratorsofthegovernment,theclassofscholar-officialsinhabittheconflictingrealmofthewor
