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1、ModernistPaintingClementGreenbergModernismincludesmorethanartandliterature.Bynowitcoversalmostthewholeofwhatistrulyaliveinourculture.Ithappens,however,tobeverymuchofahistoricalnovelty.Westerncivilizationisnotthefirstcivilizationtoturnaroundandquestionitsownfoundations,butitisth
2、eonethathasgonefurthestindoingso.IidentifyModernismwiththeintensification,almosttheexacerbation,ofthisself-criticaltendencythatbeganwiththephilosopherKant.Becausehewasthefirsttocriticizethemeansitselfofcriticism,IconceiveofKantas,thefirstrealModernist.TheessenceofModernismlies,as
3、Iseeit,intheuseofcharacteristicmethodsofadisciplinetocriticisethedisciplineitself,notinordertosubvertitbutinordertoentrenchitmorefirmlyinitsareaofcompetence.Kantusedlogictoestablishthelimitsoflogic,andwhilehewithdrewmuchfromitsoldjurisdiction,logicwasleftallthemoresecureinwhatt
4、hereremainedtoit.Theself-criticismofModernismgrowsoutof,butisnotthesamethingas,thecriticismoftheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentcriticizedfromtheoutside,thewaycriticisminitsacceptedsensedoes;Modernismcriticizesfromtheinside,throughtheproceduresthemselvesofthatwhichisbeingcritici
5、zed.Itseemsnaturalthatthisnewkindofcriticismshouldhaveappearedfirstinphilosophy,whichiscriticalbydefinition,butasthe19thcenturyworeon,itenteredmanyotherfields.Amorerationaljustificationhadbeguntobedemandedofeveryformalactivity,andKantianself-criticism,whichhadariseninphilosophyina
6、nswertothisdemandinthefirstplace,wascalledoneventuallytomeetandinterpretitinareasthatlayfarfromphilosophy.Weknowwhathashappenedtoanactivitylikereligion,whichcouldnotavailitselfofKantian,immanent,criticisminordertojustifyitself.Atfirstglancetheartsmightseemtohavebeeninasituationl
7、ikereligionʼs.HavingbeendeniedbytheEnlightenmentalltaskstheycouldtakeseriously,theylookedasthoughtheyweregoingtobeassimilatedtoentertainmentpureandsimple,andentertainmentitselflookedasthoughitweregoingtobeassimilated,likereligion,totherapy.Theartscouldsavethemselvesfromthislev
8、elingdownonlybydemonstratingthatthekindofexperiencetheyprovid
