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1、PROGRESSINPHOTOVOLTAICS:RESEARCHANDAPPLICATIONSProg.Photovolt:Res.Appl.2007;15:629–650Publishedonline4May2007inWileyInterScience(www.interscience.wiley.com)DOI:10.1002/pip.761ApplicationsGroundCurrentsinSingle-phaseTransformerlessPhotovoltaicSystems,y
2、EugenioGubı´a*,PabloSanchis,AlfredoUrsu´a,Jesu´sLo´pezandLuisMarroyoDepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,PublicUniversityofNavarra,Pamplona,SpainTherelativeweightoftheenergygeneratedbymeansofrenewablesourcesisconstantlyincreasing.Amongallthe
3、sesources,thephotovoltaic(PV)systemspresentthehigherandmorestablerelativegrowth.However,thePVsystemisstilltooexpensiveandasignificanteffortisbeingdonetoincreasetheefficiencyandreducethecost.ConcerningthePVinverters,thishasleadtotheeliminationofthelowfre
4、quency(LF)transformerthathasbeentraditionallyincluded.TheLFtransformerprovidesisolationfromthegridbutreducesthePVinverterefficiencyandincreasesitssizeandcost.However,theeliminationofthetransformermightgeneratestronggroundcurrents,whichbecomenowanimport
5、antdesignparameterforthePVinverter.Thegroundcurrentsareafunctionofthesystemstrayelements.However,thereisnosimplemodelandproceduretostudythecommonmodebehaviorofaPVsystem,whichisrequiredtoanalyzethegroundcurrents.Inthispaper,acompre-hensiblemodelispropo
6、sedwhichprovidesabetterunderstandingofthecommonmodeissueinsingle-phasetransformerlessPVsystems.Inaddition,aprocedureisdevelopedtoanalyzetheglobalperformance,efficiency,gridcurrentquality,andcommonmodebehaviorofaPVinverterasafunctionofitsparticularstruc
7、tureandmodulationtechnique.Copyright#2007JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.keywords:photovoltaic(PV);groundcurrent;transformerless;inverter;commonmodeReceived18November2006;Revised15February2007INTRODUCTIONowadays,thephotovoltaic(PV)energycontributiontothetotalenerg
8、yconsumedintheworldisverylow,duetotherelativelyhighcostofthePVsystemsincomparisonwithotherenergysources.NHowever,thesolarenergyresourcesaredistributedalloverandthepriceofthePVsystemsiscontinuouslydecreasing.ThiscanmakethePVsystemsoneofthefutur
