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1、ThisPDFisaselectionfromanout-of-printvolumefromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearchVolumeTitle:AspectsofLaborEconomicsVolumeAuthor/Editor:Universities-NationalBureauVolumePublisher:PrincetonUniversityPressVolumeISBN:0-87014-305-0VolumeURL:http://www.nber.org/books/univ62-2PublicationDate:
2、1962ChapterTitle:Competition,Monopoly,andthePursuitofPecuniaryGainChapterAuthor:ArmenA.Aichian,ReubenA.KesselChapterURL:http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0605Chapterpagesinbook:(p.157-184)Competition,Monopoly,andthePursuitofMoneyARMENA.ALCHIANAIREUBENA.KESSELUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATLOSANGELE
3、SANDUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOTheProblemGENERALLYspeaking,theobservationsofeconomistsonthesubjectofmonopolyfallintotwoclasses.Onesetofobservations,whichflowsdirectlyfrommonopolytheory,isthatresourcesinthecompetitivesectoroftheeconomywouldbeunderutilizedifusedbymonopolists.Theother,whichdoesnota
4、riseasanimplicationofeithermonopolyorcompetitivetheory,consistsofaseriesofobservationsofempiricalphenomena:thatmonopolisticenterprises,bycomparisonwithcom-petitiveenterprises,arecharacterizedbyrigidprices,stodgymanage-ments,andrelaxed,easygoingworkingconditions.Alternatively,itisallegedt
5、hatemployeesofcompetitiveenterprisesworkharder,manage-mentsaremoreaggressiveandflexible,andpricingismoreresponsivetoprofitopportunities.1Toregardthissecondclassofobservationsasnotanimplicationofeithermonopolyorcompetitivetheoryisonlypartlycorrect.Morecorrectly,theseobservationsareinconsi
6、stentwiththeimplicationsofthestandardprofitorwealthmaximizationpostulate.ForanalyzingthebehaviordescribedbyHicks,thepecuniarywealthmaximizationpostu-lateisclearlyinappropriateandshouldbereplacedbyautilitymaxi-mizationpostulate.1Hicksconcludes:"Thebestofallmonopolyprofitsisaquietlife."Thi
7、scon-clusionappearsinatheoreticalpaperonmonopoly;yetitdoesnotflowfromthetheorypresented.Precedingtheforegoingquotationis:"Now,asProfessorBowleyandothershavepointedout,thevariationinmonopolyprofitforsomewayoneithersideofthehighestprofitoutputmayoftenbesmall(inthegeneralcas
