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1、AgainstIntellectualMonopolybyMicheleBoldrinandDavidK.Levine[newversionNovember11,2005]"Monopolycorrupts,absolutemonopolycorruptsabsolutely."Itiscommontoarguethatintellectualpropertyintheformofcopyrightandpatentisnecessaryfortheinnovationandcreationofid
2、easandinventionssuchasmachines,drugs,computersoftware,books,music,literatureandmovies.Infactintellectualpropertyisnotlikeordinarypropertyatall,butconstitutesagovernmentgrantofacostlyanddangerousprivatemonopolyoverideas.Weshowthroughtheoryandexamplethat
3、intellectualmonopolyisnotneccesaryforinnovationandasapracticalmatterisdamagingtogrowth,prosperityandliberty.Chapter1:IntroductionChapter2:CreationUnderCompetitionChapter3:HowCompetitionWorksChapter4:InnovationWithoutPatentsChapter5:TheIntellectualMonop
4、olyApologistsChapter6:TheEvilofIntellectualMonopolyChapter7:TheDevilinDisneyChapter8:DoesIntellectualMonopolyIncreaseInnovation?Chapter9:ThePharmaceuticalIndustryChapter10:TheBad,theGood,andtheUglyBoldrin&Levine:AgainstIntellectualMonopoly,Chapter1Chap
5、ter1:IntroductionInlate1764,whilerepairingasmallNewcomensteamengine,theideaofallowingsteamtoexpandandcondenseinseparatecontainerssprangintothemindofJamesWatt.Hespentthenextfewmonthsinunceasinglaborbuildingamodelofthenewengine.In1768,afteraseriesofimpro
6、vementsandsubstantialborrowing,heappliedforapatentontheidea.August1768foundWattinLondonaboutthepatentandhespentanother6monthsworkinghardtoobtainit.ThepatentwasfinallyawardedinJanuary1769.Nothingmuchhappened,intermsofproduction,forafewyearsuntil,in1775,
7、afteranothermajoreffortsupportedbyhisnewbusinesspartnerMatthewBoulton,WattsecuredanActofParliamentextendinghis1769patentuntiltheyear1800.ThegreatstatesmanEdmundBurkespokeeloquentlyinParliamentinthenameofeconomicfreedomandagainstthecreationofunnecessary
8、monopoly–buttonoavail.TheconnectionsofWatt’spartnerBoultonweretoosolidtobedefeatedbysimpleprinciple.OnceWatt’spatentsweresecured,asubstantialportionofhisenergywasdevotedtofendingoffrivalinventors.In1782,Wattsecuredanadditionalpatent,mad
