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1、TheEconomicConsequencesofthePeacebyJohnMaynardKeynes1919Chapter1IntroductoryChapter2EuropeBeforetheWarChapter3TheConferenceChapter4TheTreatyChapter5ReparationChapter6EuropeAftertheTreatyChapter7RemediesChapter1:IntroductoryThepowertobecomehabituatedtohissurroundingsisamarkedcha
2、racteristicofmankind.Veryfewofusrealisewithconvictiontheintenselyunusual,unstable,complicated,unreliable,temporarynatureoftheeconomicorganisationbywhichWesternEuropehaslivedforthelasthalfcentury.Weassumesomeofthemostpeculiarandtemporaryofourlateadvantagesasnatural,permanent,and
3、tobedependedon,andwelayourplansaccordingly.Onthissandyandfalsefoundationweschemeforsocialimprovementanddressourpoliticalplatforms,pursueouranimositiesandparticularambitions,andfeelourselveswithenoughmargininhandtofoster,notassuage,civilconflictintheEuropeanfamily.Movedbyinsaned
4、elusionandrecklessself-regard,theGermanpeopleoverturnedthefoundationsonwhichwealllivedandbuilt.ButthespokesmenoftheFrenchandBritishpeopleshaveruntheriskofcompletingtheruinwhichGermanybegan,byapeacewhich,ifitiscarriedintoeffect,mustimpairyetfurther,whenitmighthaverestored,thedel
5、icate,complicatedorganisation,alreadyshakenandbrokenbywar,throughwhichalonetheEuropeanpeoplescanemploythemselvesandlive.InEnglandtheoutwardaspectoflifedoesnotyetteachustofeelorrealiseintheleastthatanageisover.Wearebusypickingupthethreadsofourlifewherewedroppedthem,withthisdiffe
6、renceonly,thatmanyofusseemagooddealricherthanwewerebefore.Wherewespentmillionsbeforethewar,wehavenowlearntthatwecanspendhundredsofmillionsandapparentlynotsufferforit.Evidentlywedidnotexploittotheutmostthepossibilitiesofoureconomiclife.Welook,therefore,notonlytoareturntothecomfo
7、rtsof1914,buttoanimmensebroadeningandintensificationofthem.Allclassesalikethusbuildtheirplans,therichtospendmoreandsaveless,thepoortospendmoreandworkless.ButperhapsitisonlyinEngland(andAmerica)thatitispossibletobesounconscious.IncontinentalEuropetheearthheavesandnoonebutisaware
8、oftherumblings.Thereitisnotjustamatterofextravaganceor
