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1、TheEconomicConsequencesofthePeacebyJohnMaynardKeynes1919Chapter1:IntroductoryThepowertobecomehabituatedtohissurroundingsisamarkedcharacteristicofmankind.Veryfewofusrealisewithconvictiontheintenselyunusual,unstable,complicated,unreliable,temporarynatureoftheeconomi
2、corganisationbywhichWesternEuropehaslivedforthelasthalfcentury.Weassumesomeofthemostpeculiarandtemporaryofourlateadvantagesasnatural,permanent,andtobedependedon,andwelayourplansaccordingly.Onthissandyandfalsefoundationweschemeforsocialimprovementanddressourpolitic
3、alplatforms,pursueouranimositiesandparticularambitions,andfeelourselveswithenoughmargininhandtofoster,notassuage,civilconflictintheEuropeanfamily.Movedbyinsanedelusionandrecklessself-regard,theGermanpeopleoverturnedthefoundationsonwhichwealllivedandbuilt.Butthespo
4、kesmenoftheFrenchandBritishpeopleshaveruntheriskofcompletingtheruinwhichGermanybegan,byapeacewhich,ifitiscarriedintoeffect,mustimpairyetfurther,whenitmighthaverestored,thedelicate,complicatedorganisation,alreadyshakenandbrokenbywar,throughwhichalonetheEuropeanpeop
5、lescanemploythemselvesandlive.InEnglandtheoutwardaspectoflifedoesnotyetteachustofeelorrealiseintheleastthatanageisover.Wearebusypickingupthethreadsofourlifewherewedroppedthem,withthisdifferenceonly,thatmanyofusseemagooddealricherthanwewerebefore.Wherewespentmillio
6、nsbeforethewar,wehavenowlearntthatwecanspendhundredsofmillionsandapparentlynotsufferforit.Evidentlywedidnotexploittotheutmostthepossibilitiesofoureconomiclife.Welook,therefore,notonlytoareturntothecomfortsof1914,buttoanimmensebroadeningandintensificationofthem.All
7、classesalikethusbuildtheirplans,therichtospendmoreandsaveless,thepoortospendmoreandworkless.ButperhapsitisonlyinEngland(andAmerica)thatitispossibletobesounconscious.IncontinentalEuropetheearthheavesandnoonebutisawareoftherumblings.Thereitisnotjustamatterofextravag
8、anceor'labourtroubles';butoflifeanddeath,ofstarvationandexistence,andofthefearfulconvulsionsofadyingcivilisation.ForonewhospentinParisthegreaterpartofth
