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1、外文文献翻译译文原文RussianAgricultureintheTransitiontoaMarketEconomy*I.IntroductionAnabidingintellectualfascinationwithpolicy-induceddisarrayinworldagricultureframedD.GaleJohnson’sprofessionalcareer.Nowhereweretheproblemsmoreevidentthanintheideologicallymotivatedconstraintsimposedonpeasan
2、tsandmarketsinthecentrallyplannedeconomies.JohnsonwasanacuteobserveroftheSovieteconomyanditssuccessorsforhalfacentury,startingatatimewhenfewprofessionaleconomistswereinterestedinthecountry.Hisbibliographyasof1994lists32itemsonthesubject,inasteadystreamovertimefrom“AStudyoftheGrow
3、thoftheNewEconomicPotentialofAgricultureintheU.S.S.R.”in1955to“TradeEffectsofDismantlingtheSocializedAgricultureoftheFormerSovietUnion”in1993(AntleandSumner1996).Whenthefinalbreakdownofthecollectivefarmsystemacceleratedattheendofthe1980s,hesoughttounderstandhowthetransitionmightu
4、nfoldandhowitcouldbeshapedtoachieveamoreproductiveagriculture.Inhisfinalyearshepuzzledoverwhythesizablepotentialefficiencygainswereslowtomaterialize.Inthisarticle,wereviewtheSoviet-erasituation,eventsduringthetransitionofthe1990s,andthelikelyfurthercourseofRussianagriculture.Wewi
5、llconsiderhowandwhytheproblemsthataroseinthetransitiondifferedfromwhatmanyexpectedintheearly1990s.II.AgricultureintheSovietUnionTherelevanthistorycanbedividedintofourperiods.Thepre-Stalinistperiodfrom1917through1928wascharacterizedbylandreform,confiscationofoutput,subsequentfamin
6、e,experimentationwithincentivesundertheNewEconomicPolicy(NEP),disenchantmentwiththeresultsoftheNEP,andfinallythedecisiontocollectivize.Thisperiodwaspre-Stalinist,notbecauseStalinwasabsent,butbecausehisagriculturalpolicieswerenotyetformedordominant.From1928untilStalin’s5deathin195
7、3,SovietpeasantsexperiencedafullmeasureofStalin’svisionforagriculture:collectivization,extremetaxationtomobilizeanagriculturalsurplusforindustrialdevelopment,“liquidationofthekulaksasaclass,”faminethattookmanymillionsoflives,decimationofaworld-classprofessionofagriculturalscienti
8、sts,mobilizationforwarandsubsequentlosso
