Chemistry of high-energy materials.pdf

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1、BaranGMR.A.RodriguezChemistryofHighEnergyMaterials2012-08-18HistoryofExplosivesHighEnergyMaterials7thcenturyA.D.-"GreekFire"petroleumdistillateusedbyByzantinesofConstantinopole13thcentury-blackpowder(akagunpowder)ChinesealchemistsExplosivesNon-explosivematerials18thcentury-blackpo

2、wdercompositionbecamestandardized:KNO3/charcoal/sulfur(75/15/10w/w)19thcentury-NH4NO3replacementforKNO3inblackpowder1846-ItalianChemistAscanioSobreroinventednitroglycerin(NG)HighExplosivesLowExplosives1863-GermanchemistJuliusWilbrandinvented2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)[detonate][def

3、lagrate-burnrapidly]originallyusedasayellowdye.Potentialasanexplosivenotappreciatedduetodifficultytodetonate(insensative).1866-MixingofNGwithsilica(PBX)tomakemalleablepaste(dynamite)1°Explosives2°ExplosivesPropellantsPyrotechnics[detonatebyignition][needdetonator]-Blackpowder-Fire

4、workslate19thcentury-nitrationchemistryoncommonmaterials(resins,cotton,etc.)-Leadazide-TNT-liquid/solid-Color/flash/sound-Tetrazene-RDX1910-militaryuseofTNTforartilleryshellsandarmour-piercingshells1939-1945-WorldWarII-Researchonexplosivesintesified(nitrationchemistry)Developlment

5、ofcyclotrimethylenetrinitramine(RDX)andOrganicChemistryofExplosivesbyJ.P.AgrawalandR.D.Hodgsoncyclotetramethylenetetranitramine(HMX).Prof.ThomasKlapotke-Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen-GermanyIntroductiontohighenergymaterialsterminologyChairofinorganicchemistryBrisance:Shatt

6、eringcapabiliyofexplosive.Measureofrateanexplosivedevelopsitsmaximumpressure.Dr.MichaelA.Hiskey-LosAlamosNationalLaboratoryRelativeeffectivenessfactor(R.E.factor):Measurementofanexplosive'spowerformilitarypurposese.Itisusedtocompareanexplosive'sWhatmakesanexplosion?effectivenessre

7、lativetoTNTbyweight(TNTequivalent/kgorTNTe/kg).Exothermicchemicalreactioncomprisedofanoxidantandfuel,whichreleasesDetonationvelocity(VoD):Thevelocityatwhichtheshockwavefronttravelsenergy(gasandheat)inagiventimeinterval.throughadetonatedexplosive.Difficulttomeasureinpracticesousega

8、stheorytomakeprediction.Whatsthed