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1、SynthesisofsuperhardmaterialsbyVladimirL.Solozhenko†andEugeneGregoryanz‡ThestudyofsolidsathighpressuresandWithrecentadvancesinhigh-pressuretechniques,temperaturesisanimportantareaofmodernithasbecomepossibletoachievesignificantcondensedmatterphysics,chemistry,andmaterialscompressionofdens
2、ities.Suchchangesofdensitywillundoubtedlyleadtonewandunexpectedeffects.science.ThelastdecadehasseenrevolutionaryHighlycompressedsolidsrevealabroadvarietyofdevelopmentsinthefieldofhigh-pressureunusualphenomena,suchasthemetal-insulatorexperimentation:newtypesofcellsallowawidertransition1-4
3、,electronicisostructuraltransitions5,rangeofexperimentsathigherpressures,andunexpectedbehaviorinmeltingcurves6,7,third-generationsynchrotronshavebroughtthepressure-inducedamorphization8-10,aswellaspossibilityofconductingX-raydiffractionincommensurateand‘host-guest’structures11,12.experim
4、entsthatwereunthinkableonly10yearsago.ThefocusonextremeconditionsisalsofueledbyInthisreview,wegivesomerecentexamplestoindustrialinterestinthesynthesisofnewmaterialswithillustratehowmodernhigh-pressuretools,suchaspotentiallyusefulpropertiessuchassuperhardnessorthediamondanvilcell(DAC),mul
5、tianvilpress,andsuperconductivity.SuperhardmaterialscanbedefinedashavingaVickershardnessHV>40GPa.Inadditiontohighshockcompression,canbeusedtoanswerquestionshardness–thecapabilityofamaterialtowithstandrelevanttothesynthesisofnewadvancedmaterials.imprintingorscratchingwithanothermaterial–s
6、uperhardOurexampleswillberelatedmostlytosuperhardmaterialsusuallypossessotheruniqueproperties,suchascompressionalstrength,shearresistance,largebulkmoduli,materials.highmeltingtemperature,chemicalinertness,andhighthermalconductivity.Thiscombinationofpropertiesmakesthematerialshighlydesira
7、bleforanumberofapplications13.Thedesignofnovelmaterialswithahardnesscomparable†LPMTM-CNRS,InstitutGalilée,tothatofdiamond(HV=115GPa14)posesaconsiderableUniversitéParisNord,93430Villetaneuse,Franceexperimentalchallenge15.RecentexperimentaleffortstoE-mail:vls@lpmtm.univ-par