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万方数据中图分类号UDC硕士学位论文学校代码10533密级公开《小镇畸人》的狂欢化特征TheCarnivalFeaturesofWinesburg,Ohio作者姓名：学科专业：研究方向：学院(系、所)：指导教师：陈婕英语语言文学英美文学外国语学院李玲副教授论文答辩日期加，；‘”；口答辩委员会主席露差杰中南大学2013年11月 万方数据THECARNIVALFEATURESOFWINESBURG,THESISSubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforThedegreeofMasterofArtsTotheGraduateSchoolofCentralSouthUniversityByChenJieSupervisor：LiLingNovember2013CentralSouthUniversity 学位论文原创性声明煳万方数据本人郑重声明，所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了论文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得中南大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我共同工作的同志对本研究所作的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明。‘申请学位论文与资料若有不实之处，本人承担一切相关责任。作者签名：。盘坠鱼蠡目期：盘堕年旦月盟日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者和指导教师完全了解中南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定：即学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和电子版；本人允许本学位论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用复印、缩印或其它手段保存和汇编本学位论文。保密论文待解密后适应本声明。作者签名：越日期：望!!!年』L月亟蔓日导师签名塑 万方数据摘要舍伍德·安德森在美国现代文学史上享有极其重要的地位，被视为美国现代小说的开创者之一。其代表作《小镇畸人》以崭新的创作形式、简洁的语言、怪诞的风格、夸张的描写确立了他在美国文坛的崇高声誉。《小镇畸入》栩栩如生地刻画了一群渴盼爱与自由却又疏于交流，被传统所束缚而又被现实功利所扭曲的人们，表达了他们对现实的不满，对工业文明的反抗，以及对宁静和谐的生活的向往。小说中不乏滑稽怪诞的人物，曲折起伏的小镇故事，以及深刻的反抗革新精神。基于巴赫金的狂欢化理论，本文着重探讨《小镇畸人》的狂欢化特征。本文首先基于国内外文献综述，阐述该研究动机及研究意义，且对狂欢化理论进行总体介绍。第一章重点分析小说的狂欢化群像。作品描绘了一群被工业主义和传统道德所压迫的人们，既有个体描写，如孤独的小丑——比德尔鲍姆，自我隔离的傻瓜——医生里菲，疯女人——艾莉丝，也有一些成对的形象，如天真的路易斯和世故的蓓尔，忠诚的沃许和其放荡的妻子，沉稳的雷和任性的黑尔，反映出畸人们隐藏的双重性。这些鲜活零碎的畸人形象拼凑成一副荒诞滑稽的温斯堡狂欢化群像图。 万方数据第二章主要讨论小说隐含的狂欢化加冕／脱冕仪式。畸人们曲折起伏、变化无常的人生象征了狂欢化加冕和脱冕，增强小说的诙谐性，也体现狂欢化世界观——世界上任何事物都是不确定的，狂欢节强调死亡与新生、改变与革新。第三章探索小说中的狂欢化精神。狂欢节蕴含的彻头彻尾的颠覆精神主要体现在人们对工业主义，传统陈规以及宗教信仰的反抗。同时，小说还饱含狂欢化更新精神。凭借这种精神，人们可以突破外界的束缚，寻找到一个自由、平等的新世界。基于以上分析，该论文认为温斯堡小镇实为一个“狂欢广场”，在这个广场上，形形色色的人们尽情表演。他们怪异的举止、粗俗的话语、放荡的生活方式实则是这群“小镇畸人”的内心宣泄，表达了他们对挣脱压抑与束缚，获得自由与平等的强烈渴望和心理诉求。关键词：舍伍德·安德森，《小镇畸人》，狂欢化大众，狂欢节仪式，狂欢化精神 万方数据AbstractSherwoodAndersonhasbeenconsideredasoneofthepathfindersofAmericanmodemliterature，occupyingaparticularlyimportantpositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature．Owingtoitsinnovativecreationform，simplelanguage，grotesquestyleandexaggerateddescription，hismasterpiece，Winesburg,Ohio，establishesforhimahighprestigeinAmericanliterature．Winesburg,Ohiovividlydepictsagroupofpeoplewhoareeagerforloveandfreedombutlackofcommunication，restrictedbytradition，anddistortedbymaterialism．Therefore，itexpressestheirstrongdissatisfactionwithreality,theirseverefightagainstindustrialcivilization，aswellasanxiousdreamforpeacefulandharmoniouslife．Inthenovel，therearcabundantcomicandgrotesquefigures，turbulenttownevents，andprofoundspiritofrevoltandreform．OnthebasisofBakhtin’Scarnivaltheory,thethesisattemptstoexplorethecarnivalfeaturesofWinesburg,Ohio．Basedontherelatedliteraturereviewathomeandabroad，thethesisfirstelaboratelypresentsthemotivationandsignificanceoftheresearch，andmakesageneralintroductiontothecarnivaltheory．ChapterOneaimsatanalyzingthecarnivalcollectiveinthenovel．Thenoveldepictsagroupofpeople，whoareoppressedbyindustrialismandtraditionalmorals，includingsomeindividualgrotesques，suchasthelonelyclown，Biddlebaum，theself-alienatedfool，DoctorReefy,andthemadwoman，Alice，aswellassomepairedimageswhichimplythehiddendualityofthem，suchasnaiveLouiseandsophisticatedBelle，loyalWashandhis¨1 万方数据libertinewife，andcalmRayandwillfulHal．ThesevividandfragmentaryimagesofthegrotesquespiecetogetherafantasticandcomicpictureofthecarnivalcollectiveinWinesburg．ChapterTwomainlydiscussestheimplicitcarnivalritualsofcrowninganddecrowning．Theupsanddowns，changesandshiftsoftheirlivessymbolizethecarnivalcrowninganddecrowning，whichemphasizethehumorousqualityofthenovelandembodythecarnivalsenseoftheworld--nothingintheworldisabsoluteandcarnivalemphasizesdeathandrebirth，changeandreform．ChapterThreeexploresthecamivalspiritimmersedinthenovel．Thethoroughsubversioncontainedinthecarnivalisembodiedinpeople’Sfightagainstindustrialism，conventionsandnorms，andreligiousbeliefs．Inthemeanwhile，thenovelalsocontainsthespiritofrenewal．Withthisspirit，theycanbreakthroughtheexternalbondageandfindanewworldoffreedomandequality．Fromtheaboveanalysis，thethesisbelievesthatthetown，Winesburg，isactuallyacarnivalsquare，inwhichallsortsofpeopleplaytheirrolesboisterously．Theirweirdbehavior,billingsgatelanguageandprofligatelifestyleare，infact，theemotionalcatharsisofthesegrotesquesinthetown，andexpresstheirlongingtoliberatethemselvesfromthedepressionandrestriction，SOastoachievefreedomandequality．Keywords：SherwoodAnderson，Winesburg,Ohio，carnivalcollective，carnivalrituals，carnivalspirit 万方数据Contents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。iAbstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯I’l’l。Contents⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．VIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．1Chapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohio⋯⋯⋯⋯．．161．1Carnival-GrotesqueImages⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯171．1．1BiddlebaumasaLonelyClown⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．181．1．2DoctorReefyasaSelf-AlienatedFool⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯231．1．3AliceasaMadwoman⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯271．2ThePairedImages．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯．．．．⋯．．31Chapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohio⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯392．1TheDecrowningofWingBiddlebaum⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．402．2TheDecrowningandRecrowningofElizabethWillard．．．．．．．．442．3TheCrowningofGeorgeWillard．．．⋯．．⋯．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯．．．．⋯．．53Chapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohio⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯613．1TheSpiritofSubversion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯623．1．1TheSubversionagainstIndustrialism⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．633．1．2TheSubversionagainstTraditionalMorals⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯673．1．3TheSubversionagainstReligiousBeliefs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．713．2TheSpiritofRenewal．．．．．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯．．．．．⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．753．2．1ReconstructionofSelfhood⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯763．2．2TheVisionofaNewW|orid⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯79 万方数据Conclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯83Notes⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．86Bibfiography⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．89Acknowledgements攻读学位期间主要的研究成果目录Ⅵ 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionInmodemAmericanliteraryhistory,SherwoodAnderson(1876—1941)holdsauniqueposition．Thoughhadn’treceivedsystematicschooleducationandhadnevertaughtinanycollege，hehadexertedgreatinfluenceonagroupoffamouswritersofthelatergenerations，suchasJohnSteinbeck，EmestHemingway,HenryMiller,WilliamFaulkner,andSOon．HewashailedbyWilliamFaulkneras“thefatherofourgeneration”(Rovit29)andThomasWolfeas“theonlymaninAmericawhoevertaughtmeanything”(Cowley,LostDays224)．Besides，manywriterswereimmenselyindebtedtoSherwoodAndersonforhishelp；forexample，HemingwaywasoneofAnderson’SdisciplesandbecauseofAnderson’Sintroduction，hefinallygotacquaintedwithGertrudeStein，agreatAmericanwriterinthetwentiethcentury．Althoughtheybroketheirrelationshipwimhimlater,theycouldn’tchangethefactthatAnderson’Sinfluenceontheirearlyworkswasprofoundanddecisive．Anderson’influenceonlaterAmericanwritershadbeenenormous．HadtherenotbeensuchaseminalfigureasSherwoodAnderson，modemAmericanliteraturewouldnothavebeenthesame．AsapioneeringwriterinthehistoryofAmericanliterature，hehadbroughtanewtremoroffeelingtotheAmericanshortstowandhadbecomeoneofthepathfindersofmodemAmericanliterarystyle．Notuntilhismiddle-agedidAndersonstarthiswritingcareerduringwhichAndersonhadpublishedseveralnovels，shortstoryseriesand 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionliteraryautobiographies．HisfirstnovelWindyMcPherson§Sonwasnotpublisheduntilhewasalreadyfortyin1916．In1917，AndersonpublishedhissecondnovelMarchingMenunderthehelpofDreiser．Thefirsttwonovdsarenotsuccessful，butAndersonheldtherightwritingdirectionofsettingidealism，utopianism，andanti·materialismasthekeynoteofhisnovels．In1918，AndersonpublishedhispoetryMid-AmericanChants．Atthattime，hehadalreadyownedacertainpositioninAmericanliterarycircleandpreparedfortheadaptationandpublicationofWinesburg,Ohio．Inthefollowingyear,AndersonpublishedthestoriesthatcompriseVfinesburg,Ohio，namely,thestoriesthatformasortofloosely—connectedepisodicnovel．Thebookwasanimmediatecriticalsuccess，andsoonAndersonwasbeingrankedasasignificantliteraryfigure．Afterthat，AndersonhadalsocreatedsomeshortnovelssuchasTheTriumphoftheEgg(1921)，HorsesandMen(1923)，andDeath伽theWoodsandOtherStories(1933)，whichareallAnderson’Sbestworks．TheywerecreatedaccordingtoAnderson’Sfamiliarsurroundinglifeandwerefilledwithhisinsightfulobservationoflife．Itcan’tbeneglectedthat，afterthepublicationofWinesburg,Ohio，AndersonhadalsopublishedsomenovelsandautobiographicalworkssuchasPoorWhite(1921)，ManyMarriages(1923)，DarkLaughter(1925)，BeyondDesire(1932)，KitBrandon(1936)，AStoryTeller'sStory(1924)andMemoirs(1942)．Despitethatnoneofthemweremuchsuccessful，Andersonhadsomedevelopmentinartinhislaterperiod．Butingeneral，noneofhisworkscanreachagreaterachievementthanWinesburg,Ohio．Winesburg,OhiowasSherwoodAnderson’SmasterpiecewhichbeganAnderson’SimportantcontributiontoAmericanliteratureand2 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductioninfluenceonit．H．L．Mencken，anAmericanauthoritativecritic，declaredthatWinesburg,Ohio“isabookofuncommonmerit--well-ordered，thoughtful，original，andalive．Andbyanauthorwhodeservestheutmosthospitalityhereafter'’(White，Exploration163)．Mencken’SremarksCanberegardedasallappropriatesummaryofthesignificanceofWinesbug,Ohio．Allinall，Winesburg,OhioestablishedAnderson’SimportantpositioninAmericanliteratureandwonhiminternationalreputation．Winesburg,OhiohadbroughtAmericasuchanewkindofcreatingformaswhatAndersonhimselfremarked，“Winesburg,Ohiohasbecomeal【indofAmericanclassicandhasbeensaidbymanycriticstohavestartedakindofrevolutioninAmericanshort-storywriting”(Morris9)．gqnesburg,Ohiowaswrittenbetween1915and1917andpublishedin1919，inwhichAmericawitnessedatransitionalperiodfromagrariansocietytoindustrialsociety．Withthedevelopmentofindustrializationandurbanization，Americavaluesmoreaboutmassculture，mechanizedproductsandtheuniformityinworkandlifewiththeabandonmentoftheoldvalues，beliefsandwaysoflife．Americanpeoplecouldnolongergatherinaninn，drinking，laughing，chattingandevencursing，whichwascommonforfarmersandhandicraftsmeninagrarianperiod．Asitissuchachaoticchangingworld，anewwayasareexaminationtointerpretitshouldemerge．ThusanewvisionofAmericanliteraturewaspresented．Writersatthattimehadtumedtoexploretheessenceofnationallifewithanincreasingbitterness．Forinstance，Adamsdefiedhistory；Fitzgeraldquestionedthevalueoftheolddreams；O’Neilsuggestedanabandontoecstasy；Steinaffirmedanewsyntax，andSOon．SherwoodAndersonalsoprovedtobemostresponsivetothatnewage．Atthishistoricaljuncture，3 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionSherwoodAndersondrawsavividpictureofrurallifeinhisWinesburg,Ohio，“acelebrationofsmalltownlifeinthelostdaysofgoodwillandinnocence”(Cowley,LostDays230)，andtherebyevokesthecollectivememoryofthelostagriculturalAmericainurbanAmericans．WinesburgisafictionaltownnamemadeaccordingtoarealsmalltownClydewhereAndersonhadlivedinhischildhood，SOthereisacloserelationshipbetweenWinesburgandClyde．Winesburg，tosomeextent，resemblesClydeandstandsfortheMidwestemtownsinAmerica．ThroughexposingasmalltowninMidwesternAmerica，AndersonactuallyreflectsandilluminatesthewholeurbanAmericanlifeatthemomentofthathistoricaltransition．Winesburg，asamicrocosm，isultimatelymorethananationalphenomenon．Asforthisreason，nostalgicsenseandvaporoussentimentalismisubiquitousinWinesburg,Ohio．Thebook，consistingoftwenty-fivestoriesandsketches，canberegardedasawholeandcompletenovelinform．ItisusuallycalledacycleofstoriesdealingwiththespiritualcrisisexperiencedbypeoplewholiveinextremeisolationinaMidwesterntownofWinesburg．EachstorycanberegardedasanindependentbiographySOthisbookhasnoprotagonistinatraditionalsense．ThereisonlyacentralcharacternamedGeorgeWillardwhohassomeconnectionwithallthecharactersinthebookandthreadsthroughthewholebook．ThecharactersaredescribedasagroupofgrotesqueinhabitantswithweirdoutlookanddeformedspiritinatypicalsmallMidwesterntown．Theyareagroupofpeoplewhowanttoliveaccordingtotheirown‘‘truths’’astheirmoralprinciplesandareunabletoacceptothers’“truths”．Theyclingtotheirown‘‘truths’’whichareincompatiblewiththetransitionalperiod．Finally,theoriginally4 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionnormalinhabitants，becauseoftheirinabilitytoadjustthemselvestothechange，arereducedto“grotesques’’inothers’eyes．Therefore，theyhavebeencompletelyalienatedfromtheouterworldandleadalonely,frustratedanddesperatelife．Winesburg,OhioexpressesAnderson’Sdramaticcriticismagainstindustrialism，whichtakesawaytheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeopleandhishappymemoryoffreelifeinagriculturalage．Asamasterpiece，Winesburg,Ohiohasarousedlotsofcriticismfromvariousperspectives．Amongthesecritics，therearesomefamousonessuchasJohnCrowley，IrvingHowe，DavidStouck，andThomasYinglingandSOon．Butuptonow,therearefewcriticshavinganalyzedthisnovelfromtheperspectiveofcarnivaltheory．IfwepaycloseaRentiontothecarnivalcolorinthework，wecanfindsomecamivalfeaturesinit，suchascarnival—grotesquecharacters，whoareweirdanddeformed；camivallanguage，whichisprofaneandvulgar；carnivallaughter,whichownssomecomic，deridingandsatirizingsense．Thecarnivalspiritofsubversionandrenewalisalsorevealedinthisbook．Inaword，Winesburgisjustlikeacarnivalsquareinwhichallkindsof‘‘grotesques”arewandering，drinking，cursing，andweirdlybehaving，throughwhichtheirinnermostdissatisfactionwithindustrialismandmaterialismandtheirlongingforfreedomarewellshown．Inthissense，carnivaltheorycanprovideanewmethodtoanalyzeWinesburg,Ohio．Winesburg,Ohioarousedastirshortlyafteritspublication．WaldoFrankspokehighlyofthisworkthat“Winesburg,Ohioisaclassic”(341)．Sinceitwaspublished，ithadattractedthescholars’attentionandarousedvariousopinionsaboutit．OnceWinesburg,Ohioappearedtomeetthe5 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionpublic，ithadreceivedanumberofcriticallabelsfixedonit：“therevoltagainstthevillage，theespousalofsexualfreedom，thedeepeningofAmericanrealism．’”Suchtagsmayoncehavetheirpoint，butbynowtheyseemoutdatedandstale．Thoughtherewerefewattacks，ingeneral，Winesburg,Ohiohasreceivedmuchfavorablereviews．TheNewRepublicannouncedthattherewasnothingbetterthathadcomeoutofAmerica．TheLiberatorregardedthebookasamagnificentcollectionoftales．EllenKimbelheldthattheAmericanshortstorywassuddenlythrustintothetwentiethcenturybecauseofWinesburg,Ohio．Becauseofitscomplexity,ambivalence，andhighvalueofbeingstudied，theforeignscholarshavestudiedonWinesburg,Ohiofromvariousperspectives．Thetheme，charactersandwritingtechniquesinthisshortnovelhavearousedmostattention．Fromthethematicperspective，Winesburg,OhiohasbeeninterpretedasdealingwithAnderson’Ssmall—towncomplex．ThesmalltownWinesburgintheworkisoftenrecognizedasthetownwhereAndersonhadgrownupandthestowofWinesburgisinterpretedasAnderson’Srevoltagainstcustommorality．Also，whenconsideringaboutthetransitionalperiod，researchersfocusontheconnectionbetweentheworkandsocialindustrialchangewhicharetobeblamedasthecauseofsocialproblems．V纥nesburg,OhiohasbeenbelievedasageneralintroductionofthelivingsituationinthatspecificperiodandWinesburgistherepresentationofMidwestemsmalltowns．Anotherinterpretationofitstheme，isolationandalienationofthepeopleinthetown，isalsounderdiscussionforalongtime．DavidD．Andersongaveanexplanationaboutthisthemeindetail．HebelievedthatWinesburg,Ohiowasinessenceallexplorationoftheproblemofhuman6 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionisolationwhichistheresultoftheabnormalrelationshipscharacterizedbyblockedcommunicationsbetweenhumanbeings．AsforthecharactersinWinesburg,Ohio，GeorgeWillardisalwaysconsideredasthemaincharacterwhoweavesthelooselyconnectedshortstories．HavingdiscoveredGeorgeWillard’SgrowthandsubsequentescapefromWinesburg，somecritics，suchasEdwinFusselandCarolBaker,regardeditasaBildungsromannovel．UnlikeTwainandHowells，MarciaJacobsonthoughtthat‘‘AndersonshowshisaffinitywiththeminhissplittinghimselfintotherolesofnarratorandprotagonistasheevokeslifeinClyde／Winesburg”(55-56)．Inherarticle，Winesburg,OhioandtheAutobiographicalMoment,Marciadoubtedwhetherthenarratorandtheprotagonistwerethesameperson．ThegrotesquesarethemostpopulartopicintheinterpretationofWinesburg,Ohio．ToMalcolmCowley,eachgrotesquewassimplyspirituallydeformedbecauseoftheirinabilitytoexpressthemselves．Thegrotesqueswereactuallylovelybutmisdirectedbytheirtruths．IrvingHoweonceobserved，‘‘ThefigureofWinesburgusuallypersonifiestofantasticexcessaconditionofpsychicdeformitf’(80)．RobertDulmewasalsoabsorbedintheanalysisofgrotesques．Hiscriticalbook，ANewBookoftheGrotesque，publishedin2005，hasstudiedWinesburg,Ohiofromapostmoderntheoreticalperspective．Thewomencharactersinthisnovelhavealsoattractedtheattentionofmanyfeministcritics．Anderson’Sexcellentnoveltechniquesalsohavecausedastirinthecircleofcriticism．Psychoanalysisinterpretationisappliedbysomecriticswhoregardhimas‘‘AmericanFreudian’’becauseofhisperceptiveintrospectionofhumanconditionsandmeticulousdepictionofhuman7 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionpsychology．InhisarticleThePermanenceofSherwoodAnderson，T．FlanaganbelievedthatthethemesandcharactersAndersonconsistentlyselectedimpliedthathisinterestinrepression，frustrationandneurosisisalmostprofessional．“Epiphany'’isanothertechniquelabeledontoWinesburg,Ohio，inwhichAndersonhasastrikingoriginalityintheuseofthistechnique．Epiphanyrefersto“amomentatwhichacharacter,alandscape，orapersonalrelationstandsf．0rthinitsessentialnatureor‘what’，withitspastandfuturerevealedasifbyaflashoflightning．ForAndersoneachofthemomentsWasastoryinitself’(Curley40)．Thus，Andersonhasinheritedthiswritingtechniqueinhisdepictionofamoment，SOastoleadtotheindividualepiphanyinthelifeofgrotesques．Winesburg,Ohioisalsooutstandingwithitssimplicity．HartCranewroteofAnderson，“Hehasahumanityandsimplicitythatisquitebafflingindepthandsuggestiveness”(120)．WalterB．Redeoutarguedinhisarticle，TheSimplicityofWinesburg,Ohio，that“OneisindeedstuckonfirstreadingthebooktJ跨nesburg,Ohiobyitsapparentsimplicityoflanguageandform'’(146)．However,intheeyesofMaxellAnderson，simplicityisbothanartandalimitation．ButthisworkwaswithinAnderson’Spowersandwasfilledwithmuchcarefulobservation，SOitwaswrittenbyapatientandlovingcraftsman．ExpressionismisanenduringtopicoftheanalysisofWinesburg,Ohio．InDavidStouck’Scriticalessay,Anderson每ExpressionistArt,hehasinterpretedWinesburg,Ohiounderthetheoryofexpressionism．Inthisessay,DavidfirstlyanalyzedthelinkbetweenpaintingandAnderson’Sexpressionistictechnique．Winesburg,OhioWastranslatedintoChineseinthemiddleoflastcenturybyWuYah，arenownedwriterandtranslatorinChina．When8 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductiontalkingaboutdomesticresearch，ZhangQiang，whohasdoneagreatdealinthestudyofWinesburg,Ohio，isanimportantfigurewhoCan’tbeneglected．HiselaboratednotesofWinesburg,OhiointheeditionpublishedbyShanghaiForeignEducationPressprovidelotsofconveniencetoChinesestudentswhoareinterestedinthework，butunabletofullycomprehendit．Anotherofhisbook，Pouring口LifetimehztoaMoment：SherwoodAndersonandHisArtofShortFiction，presentsSherwoodAnderson’Scraftsmanshipofshortfictiontothereaders．Therearealsosomescholarswhodiscusstheartisticfeaturesoftheworkintheirarticlesinwhichtheybelievethatitistheperfectcombinationofthoughtandart．ThestudiesinChinamainlyfocusonAnderson’Swritingskillsandstyle，oranalysesbasedonsomeliterarycriticaltheories，amongwhichfeminismandexpressionismaremostpopular．ManyChinesescholarsintendtostudythewomencharactersinWinesburg,Ohio．HeZhengdiscussestherelationshipbetweenwomencharactersandGeorgeWillard．Inherarticle，theauthorprobesintotheimportantandnecessaryroleswomenplayduringtheprocessofGeorgeWillard’Sgrowth．Inanotherofheressays，HeZhenginterpretstheroleofwomenunderthewesternpatriarchalhistoricalbackground．Amongfeministinterpretationsofthework，thereisasoundarguingthatAndersonisasupporterofpatriarchy,whichCanbeshownfromthecontemptuousattitudeofhisspokesman，George，tothefemalecharacters．TheybelievethatthoughAndersonhadrealizedthatwomenwereappearinginanewimageatthattime，herefusedtoacceptthisfact．AsanenduringtopicinthestudyofWinesburg,Ohio，theexpressionisticskillisalsodiscussedbyLiXiaoyuninher9 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionwork．Also，theperspectivesofrealism，culturalismandmodernismareappliedtothestudyofthework．Throughthesefewbutsignificantcontributions，whicharededicatedlymadebythem，wecanseetheboomingofcriticalstudiesofWinesburg,OhioinChina．Alltheabovecriticalviewsareofprofoundacademicvaluesandfullofhelpforourpresentstudy．Butwhenreadingthismasterpiece，theauthorofthisthesisfindsitwithabundantcarnivalfeaturesinit．AlthoughtherehavebeennoscholarswhohaveeverstudiedWinesburg,Ohiofromtheaspectofcarnivaltheory,theauthorofthisthesistentativelyappliesthecarnivaltheorytoit．Inthenovel，SherwoodAndersonhasdepictedagroupofphysicallydistortedandemotionallydeformedcharacterswho，tOsomeextent，correspondwiththecarnivalgrotesquesinBakhtin’Scarnivaltheory．Themainreasonoftheirgrotesquenessistheirinabilitytocommunicateandlackoflove．Alltheseareresultedfromtheunfavorableimpactbroughtbyindustrialismonthem．Theirlifeisnotpeaceful，forduringtheirlife，theyhaveexperiencedupsanddowns，changesandshifts，whichresemblethecamivalritualsofcrowninganddecrowningunderthelightofcarnivaltheory．Bypresentingthecamivalgrotesquecharactersandthesymboliccarnivalrituals，SherwoodAndersonshowsinhisworktheirsilentbutpowerfulsubversionagainstindustrialismandtheirstrongdesireforliberationandfreedom，whichsymbolizearenewaloftheirlife．CarnivaltheoryisputforwardbythefamousRussiancritic，MikhailMikhailovichBakhtin，inhisstudyofRabelaisandDostoevsky．BakhtinisthemostoriginalandyetthemostmisunderstoodRussianthinkerinthetwentiethcentury．Bakhtin’Sbooks，RabelaisandHisWormandProblems10 万方数据M．A．Thesis／nDostoevsky"sPoetics，emphasizehistwocentralaspectsofhisthoug¨amivalanddialogism．Astocamivaltheory,Bakhtinclearlymanifestsas：PersonoftheMiddleAgeslived，asitwere，twolives，onethatwastheofficiallife，monolithicallyseriousandgloomy,subjugatedtoastricthierarchicalorder,fullofterror,dogmatism，reverenceandpiety；theotherwasthelifeofthecarnivalsquare，freeandunrestricted，fullofambivalentlaughter,blasphemy,theprofanationofeverythingsacred，fullofdebasingandobscenities，familiarcontactwitheveryoneandeverything．Boththeseliveswerelegitimate，butseparatedbystricttemporalboundaries．(Problems15)Beforewemakeafurthersteptoapproachhiscarnivaltheory,we’dbetterunderstandthreekeytermsthatappearfrequentlyinhis、Vorks一“carnival”．“camivalsenseoftheworld’’and“camivalization”．Etymologically,‘‘carnival’’istheoldLatinecclesiasticalwordforthefestivalofmeat—eating，whichlastsaboutsevendaysbeforeLent．AccordingtoKinser,theoriginofcarnivalwastheChristian—feudalMiddleAgesbetween1000and1300．IthadgreatlydevelopedinEuropeafterthefourteenthcentury．However,itdeclinedintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturybecauseofthepoliticalandreligiousneedforcentralizingstatesandchurchreform．Dramatically,itrevivedandembraceda11enormousgrowthinbigcitiessuchasBasel，Cologue，and 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionNice．SincetheSecondWorldWar,ithasspreadintobothcitiesandvillages．Butwiththehistoricaldevelopment，theusageofthewordhasbeenbroadenedgreatlybeyonditsoriginbothinformandcontentintheMiddleAgesandthefollowingcenturies．Bakhtinthinksthatcarnivalconsistsofvariouscarnivaltypesofallkindsoffestivities，ritualsandforms．Thesefestivities，ritualsandformsareverycomplexandvaried，andgiverisetodiversevariantsthatdependontheera，thepeopleandtheindividualfestivityonageneralcarnivalesquebase．InBakhtin’Sviews，carnivalisnotonlyageneralsenseoftheworldbutalsoaspecificliteraryform．InRabelaisandHisWorld,carnivalisshownasawayoflifeandamodeoflanguage，andchallengesandsubvertsofficialdomandorthodoxy．Asawayoflife，camivalisticlifeisdifferentfromourconventionallifeandturnsitsinsidequalitiesouttoshowareversesideoftheworld．Duringcarnival，thelaws，prohibitionsandrestrictions，whichconfineUStothecustom，religionormoralnorms，aresuspended．Hierarchyandauthoritydisappearincarnival．Peopleparticipateinit，contactingwitheachotherfreelywithoutworryingaboutthehierarchicalinequality,foritsveryideaembraceallpeople．Aslongascarnivallasts，thereisnootherlifeoutsideit．Duringcarnivaltime，lifeissubjectonlytoitslaws，thelawsofitsownfreedom．Asamodeoflanguage，carnivalisanexpressionoffreedomfromsocialnormsandvaluesandaspecialtypeofcommunicationwhichisimpossibleinourdailylife．Thismodeoflanguageorcommunicationentailsspecialformsofmarketplacespeechandgesture，whicharealwaysSOfrankandfreethatbringtherelationshipmuchcloserbetweenthosewhoareincontactwitheachother；thus，itcanliberatepeoplefromnormsofetiquetteanddecency．12 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionCarnivalismoreofaninvitationtobecomeapartofacomplexunityratherthananadvocacyofindividualfreedom．Insteadofobtainingasenseofself-centeredness，peoplewhoparticipateincarnivalhavepossessedasenseofunity．Throughtheirchangeofcostumeandmaskduringcarnival，itispossibletosay,theyhaveexchangedbodiesandgetrenewed．Atthattime，theybegintobecomeawareoftheirsensual，materialbodilyunityandcommunity．Theprimordialelementsofcarnivalareabletosweepawaymanyrestrictionsandinvademanyrealmsofofficiallife．Carnivalistoundermineorevendestroythehegemonyofanyideologythattriestohavethefinalwordabouttheworld，andatthesametimetorenewandshedlightuponlife．Asforthecamivalsenseoftheworld，wecandrawageneralconclusionfromBakhtin’Sviewsinhisbooks．Thecarnivalsenseoftheworldisabouttheviewoffreedomandequality．Incarnival，thereisnodistinctionbetweentheactorsandaudiences，becausepeopleareallimmersedinthesepopularfestiveforms．Carnivalsenseoftheworldinvolvesfourcategories：(1)Freeandfamiliarcontactamongpeople．Carnivalistheplaceforworkingout，inaconcretelysensuous，half-realandhalf-play-actedform，anewmodeofinterrelationshipbetweenindividuals，[whichis]counterposedtotheall-powerfulsocio-hierarchicalrelationshipsofnoncarnivallife．(Problems123)Theyembraceeachother,toucheachother’Sshoulders，nicknameeachother,evencurseandabuseeachother．Thishighintimacyisa13 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductionreflectionofnofearorconfinementtotheirbodiesorminds．(2)Eccentricity．Incarnival，peopleestablishanewrelationshipandchoosetoexpressitinahalf-mocking—half-seriousform．Therefore，humors，jokes，mockeriesandparodiesareSOpopulartoresistanystaleofficialdom．(3)Carnivalisticmisalliances．Itreferstoafamiliarandfreeattitudespreadingoverallvalues，thoughts，phenomena．Carnivalmixessacrednesswithvulgarity,sublimitywithdebasement，andwisdomwithstupidity．Itbringseverythingwhichissacreddowntotheearthlinessoflifeandletsthemmingleasintegrity．(4)Profanation．Profanationreferstowordsofparody,sarcasticlaughter,blasphemyandobscenities．Italwaysreferstotheearthlinessandtothelowerstratumofhumanbody,especiallytothosepartsthatarerelatedtosex．BakhtinhasdoneaconsiderableexplorationaboutthecarnivallifeandthecarnivalsenseoftheworlddatingbacktotheancientGreeksandRomanstointerpretcamivalization．Tohim，whatinterestshimmostandmakeshimtofocusonisessentiallyonlytheproblemofcamivalization，namely,thedominantinfluenceofcarnivalonliterature，orevenliterarygenre．Camivalizationisthetranspositionofcarnivalintothelanguageofliterature．Carnival，theritualsandsymbolicformsaswellasacarnivalsenseoftheworldallcombinetomakeaneffectinliteraturethroughcarnivalization．Carnivalhasworkedoutanentirelanguageofsymbolicandsensuouslyconcreteforms．Althoughitcannotbetranslatedintoalanguage，itcanbetransposedintothelanguageinliterature．Asforthistranspositionofcarnivalintothelanguageofliterature，wecallitthecarnivalizationofliterature，and“fromthevantagepointofthistransposition，wewillisolateandexamineindividualaspectsand14 万方数据M．A．ThesisIntroductioncharacteristicfeammsofcarnival”(Problems122)．Therefore，itisjustifiabletodeclarethatBakhtinhasfollowedthetheoreticallogicofcarnival---camivalesque--camivalization．Carnivalisintendedtodestroythehierarchicalorder．Althoughwecanonlyfinditdirectlyinthefunnycomicofthepublicsquareandinthecircusnowadays，wecan’trefusetoadmititsprofoundinfluenceastheresourceontheformationofcamivalization．Meanwhile，thecarnivalsenseoftheworldalsohasexertedanimmenseinfluenceonthethoughtofpeople．ItCanleadpeopletothinkandbehaveinanewwaySOastofightagainsttheconventionalhierarchicalsociety．Basedontheaboveviews，theauthorofthethesisattemptstointerpretthecarnivalfeaturesofthenovelthroughananalysisofthemorbid—shapedgrotesquefigureswiththeirvulgarlanguageandabsurdbehavior．Theyhavesufferedfromchangesoflife，experiencedupsanddownsandfinallyobtainadeepperceptionwhichcorrespondswiththecarnivalsenseoftheworld，thatis，nothingisabsoluteintheworld．Underthelightofcarnivaltheory,alltheirweirdnessandabsurdityCanbewellexplainedastheiremotionalcatharsis，theirsilentfightagainstdogmaticandrepressivenormsandorder,aswellastheireagerdreamforfreedomandequality．Thus，thecarnivalspiritofsubversionandrenewalisgenerouslyrevealedthroughthem．15 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,OhioChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,OhioAccordingtothedefinitiongivenbyBakhtininhiswork，ProblemsofDostoevsky'sPoetics，carnivalcollective，whichseemstobeopposedtothenormandorderofordinarylife，ismadeupbyagroupofcarnivalfigureswhosebehaviorandrelationshipswithoneanotherbecomeunusual，eccentric，andscandalous．Thatistosay,peopleofcarnivalcollectiveliveconstantlyinanatmosphereofscandal．TheircharacteristicshavebeengeneralizedbyNingYizhongasthefollowingthreepoints：(1)their“bodily'’appearances；(2)theirweirdbehavior；(3)theirpeculiarlanguage(88)．Thecarnivalcollectiveisusuallyagroupofcarnivalfigureswitheitherweirdappearanceorapeculiarkindoflanguagewhichisnotsuitableforacultivatedperson．Theyarealwaysswearing，profaning，orcursinginthepublic．ThatiswhatBakhtincallsthe“billingsgate’’andeccentricbehavior，whosecharacteristiciSsubversiveinnature．Thefiguresmaybegiants，dwarfs，fools，clownsandroguesandsometimesmayappearascarnivalpaired-images．InWinesburg,Ohio，thereareacrowdofpeoplewhocorrespondwiththecharacteristicsofcarnivalfiguresandcomposethecarnivalcollectiveinthissmallMidwesterntownWinesburg．16 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohio1．1Carnival-GrotesqueImagesThedefinitionof‘‘grotesque”haslivedthroughmanychangesandexpansionsthroughoutitshistory．Originally,itreferredtothebizarremurals，butinFranceinthesixteenthcentury,itwasexpandedtotheareaofliteratureinwhich“grotesque'’wascloselyrelatedtoabsurdityandabnormality．AccordingtoBakhtin，the“grotesque’’maintainstheprimaryvalueslikeincompleteness，becoming，ambiguity,uncertaintyandSOon．Bakhtinemphasizesthatthetruenatureofgrotesquehasacloserelationshipwith“thecamivalsenseoftheworld_一pathosofshiftsandchanges，ofdeathandrenewal”(Problems124)．Therefore，carnivalandgrotesquearecloselyinterrelatedwitheachother．By‘‘grotesque’’Bakhtinimpliesbodilydistortion，usuallyforthepurposeofcaricatureorirony．Ofallthefeatures，eyesandmouthseemtobethemostconspicuousfeaturesandreceivemoreattention．BakhtinholdsthatOfallthefeaturesofthehumanrace，thenoseandthemouthplaythemostimportantpartinthegrotesqueimageofthebody；thehead，ears，andnoseacquireagrotesquecharacterwhentheyadopttheanimalformorthatofinanimateobjects．Thegrotesqueisintensifiedonlyinprotrudingeyes．Itislookingthatwhichprotrudesfromthebody,allthatseekstogooutofthebody’Sconfines．Specialattentionisgiventotheshootsandranches，toallthatprolongsthebodyandlinksintootherbodiesortotheworldoutside”(Rabelais261-262)．17 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveingqnesburg,OhioDuringalonghistoryofthedevelopmentofgrotesqueimagery,thecarnivalspirithasimmersedinitperfectlywithsuchtypicalcarnivalspiritassubversion，freedomandrenewal．Thentherehasappearedtheformationofcarnival—grotesqueimagery．InWinesburg,Ohio，thereareabundantcarnival—grotesqueimageswhichdeserveourattention．InordertoshowUSaspiritualwastelandduringthetransitionalperiodofindustrialism，Sherwooddescribesagroupofbothphysicallyandmentallydistortedpeople．Theyareunabletoloveanddeprivedoftheabilitytocommunicate，inotherwords，theyarealienatedfromthemodemworld．ThecharactersunderthepenofSherwoodAndersonareconstructedwithgreatexaggeration，excessivenegationandgenerousinappropriateness．Buttheseimagesarenottotallynegative，fortheirabnormalbehaviors，whichdisobeythehierarchicalorderandmoralnorm，createanatmosphereofliberationandfreedom．InWinesburg,Ohio，theauthorechoesthehilariousbutsubversivevoiceofcarnivaladvocatedbyBakhtinthroughhisdescriptionofthesedeformed，weirdandalienatedgrotesques．Inthenovel，therearemanycarnival-grotesqueimageswhich1willgiveafurtherexplanationinmyfollowingpart．1．1．1BiddlebaumasaLonelyClownAsarecurringthemeinmoststoriesofWinesburg,Ohio，lonelinessandisolationcanbesensedalmostineverystoryofthework．InWinesburg,Ohio，thereisagroupoffigureswhoaredepictedasphysicallyweirdandemotionallydistortedlonelysouls，amongwhom18 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectivein晰nesburg,OhioWingBiddlebaumisatypicallonelypersonwithgrotesquefeatures．First，letUSexploretheimageofWingBiddlebaum．WingBiddlebaumisregardedasacarnivalgrotesqueatthefirstsightofhisphr7sicalbody．Withregardtohisappearance，WingBiddlebaumisdescribedasafatlittleoldman，whichaccordswiththefunnyelementsofacaricature．Becauseofhisfunnyanduglyappearance，heisalwaysmockedbyhisneighbors---theberrypickers，youthsandmaidens．Theywillscreamathimwhentheyareworkinginthefield，“Oh，youWingBiddlebaum，combyourhair,it’Sfallingintoyoureyes”(Anderson9)．Thisisakindofderisiveirony,forfromthepassage，wecanknowthatWingBiddlebaumisabaldmallwhoisimpossibletohavehair．Whenhehearssomebodytalktohimlikethat，hewillsubconsciouslyfiddlesabouthiswhiteforeheadwithhismalformedhands．Hisclumsyactsarecertaintoarousethelaughterofbothhisneighborsandthereaders，andemphasizethecomicatmosphereofthenovel．FromBiddlebaum’Sresponsetoothers’joking，wecanconcludethatheisacowardwhofearstoanswerbackothers’viciousjokeswithevilwords．Instead，hejustactslikeaclownwhopretendstocarelittleaboutothers’wordsandbehavesabsurdlytomakeotherslaugh．Hiscomicaldeedsactuallycorrespondwiththesetroublemakers’evilwishandmakeanemphasisonthecarnivalcolorofthisfigure．ThemostprominentfeatureofWingBiddlebaum’Sphy’sicalbodyishisexpressivehandswhichareforeverconcealedinhispocketsorputbehindhisback．WeconsiderhishandsexpressivebecausetheykeepinconsistentrestlessmovementstotheextentthattheirownerCan’tcontr01．19 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinVC；nesburg,OhioOncecomeforth，theybecomethe“pistonrodsofhismachineryofexpression”(Anderson11)．Despitehissilentnature，Biddlebaumwillunconsciouslyrevealhisinneremotionsthroughtherestlessactivitiesofhishands．Sometimes，hewillrubhishandsnervously；sometimes，hewillclosehisfistsandbeatwiththem；andsometimes，hewillthrustthemintohispockets．Therestlessactivitiesofhishandsarejustlike“thebeatingofthewingsofanimprisonedbird'’(11)whichaccountsfortheemergenceofhisnewname．Actually,Biddlebaum’SstoryisastoryofhandsandBiddlebaum’SrealnameisAd01phMyers．IntheyearswhenheisnamedasAdolphMyer,BiddlebaumisaschoolteacherinatowninPennsylvania．Duringhisteachingyears，heloveshisboysSOmuchthatwhenhewalksintheeveningorsitstalkinguntiltheduskwithhisboys，hisslenderexpressivehandswillcaresstheirshouldersorpatsoRlyontheirtousledheads．However,tragedyhappenslaterwhenahalf-wittedboy,whobecomesenamoredofthisyoungmaster,hasadreamofunspeakablethingsbetweenhimandtheteacherandtellsittotheadultsasfacts．Finally,thedoubtthatAdolphMyersisahomosexualbecomestruethroughoutthetown．Atarajnynight，thetownspeoplebeatAdolphMyersviolentlyandrelentlesslydrivehimoutofthetown．Afterthat，Ad01phMyerscandonothingbutchangeshisnameandlivesaloneinanewplace，Winesburg．Hisname，“WingBiddlebaulm'’，isjustlikehismaskwithwhichhewillforgettheunhappypastandcontinuetoliveinaplacewherenobodyknowsabouthispast．DespitetllatheCan’tunderstandwhyhecomesacrosssuchunfairtreatment，heconsidershishandsasashamewhichhewouldconceal；thusheonlyshowsthemwhenhewantstoexpresshisfeelings．20 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,OhioAlso，theimageofBiddlebaum’Shandsistaintedwithcarnivalcolorinthattheyareambivalentandisnottotallynegativebutalsocontainssomepositivemeaning．AccordingtoBakhtin，thecarnivalimagesshouldbeambivalentorobtaindualisticqualities．Asforthehands，ontheonehand，theyareasymbolofshameandhumiliation；ontheotherhand，theyownsomebeautifulqualities．“InWinesburgthehandshadattractedattentionmerelybecauseoftheiractivity．WiththemWingBiddlebaumhadpickedashighasahundredandfortyquartsofstrawberriesinaday'’(Anderson11)．Fromthis，wecanseethatWingBiddlebaumisahardworkingpersonanditisalsohishandsthatgivehimagoodfameasadiligentlaborerinWinesburg．So，duringthework，asatooloflaboring，Biddlebaum’Shandscanbringtherelationshipwithhisneighborsmuchcloser．However,asatoolofexpression，Biddlebaumisafraidofshowinghishandsexceptinfrontoftheyoungman，GeorgeWillard，whoheconsiderstheonlypersontobelieveandbeforewhomhewillthenactlikeanormalandemotionalperson．Ashishandsaredeprivedoffreedomanddegeneratedtobethetooloflaboring，healsoloseshisrightofexpressinghimself．Eachday,hewillwaitfortheappearanceofGeorgeWillardwhoisthemediumthroughwhichhecallexpresshisloveofman．Attheendofthestory,thereisavividlydescribedcaricatureofWingBiddlebaumwhoiswaitingforthecomingofGeorgeWillard．Inthedenseblotchoflightbeneaththetable，thekneelingfigurelookedlikeapriestengagedinsomeserviceofhischurch．Thenervousexpressivefingers，flashinginandoutofthelight，mightwellhavebeenmistakenforthefingersof2l 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohiothedevoteegoingswiftlythroughdecadeafterdecadeofhisrosary．(Anderson17)Inthispicture，WingBiddlebaumisnolongerdegradedasafatlittleclown，butiselevatedasapiouspriestordevotee，whichshowstheauthor’Saffirmationofthegoodqualitiesofthecharacter．Here，WingBiddlebaumseemslikeasage，whoisweirdsuperficially,butinternally,seesthroughtheworldandholdsontohisowntroth2thatpeoplemusthavetheirowndreamandshouldnotimitateothers．HistmthcanbemanifestedfromhispersuasivewordstoGeorge，“Youmustbegintodream．Fromthistimeonyoumustshutyourearstotheroaringofthevoices”(Anderson131．Itishisstickingtohisowntruththatfinallycauseshisgrotesqueness．Hisintimacywithchildrenisjustoutofhissincereloveforthem，butisregardedasoddbehaviorinothers’eyes．Hedoesn’tpretendtoalienatehimselffromthechildrenforthesakeofpeople’Smisunderstanding．Togainafurtherinsightintothisnovel，wewillagreewithThomasYingling’Sviewthat‘‘Hands’’isinfactnotastoryofhomosexualitybutastorymoreconcemedwithhomosexualpanic5fromwhichmostofthetownsmenaresuffered(Crowley15)．Theseself-assuredheterosexualmenattachhomosexuallabelandcommitbrutalpersecutiononBiddlebaumwhodiffersfromtheminappearance，speechandbehavior．Heisshockedattheunfairchargebyhispupil．Inhiscontactwithchildren，hehasneverreadhisOwntouchingandpoeticintensityashomosexual，forhejusttakeshisoddbehavioroftouchingasanautomaticactivity．Hehasnoideaofthepersecutionwroughtonhim，' 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohioexceptthroughanintemalizedalienationfromhisownbody；therefore，thegrotesquenessofthischaracterisintensified．1．1．2DoctorReefyasaSelf-AlienatedFoolIncontrastwiththeboomingdevelopmentofAmericanindustry,whatAndersondepictsisagloomy,desolateandisolatedsmallMidwestemtown，Wmesburg，inwhichpeoplearerestrictedintheirsmallpersonalworldandrefusetocommunicatewithothers．ThetownisdifferentfromwhatitwasinagrarianperiodinwhichanintimaterelationshipCanbedevelopedintheirdailycushyfarmwork．Butnow,peopletendtojudgeeverythingaccordingtoitseconomicvalueandminifythesignificanceofaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeople．Daysafterdays，aninvisiblewall，whichpreventsthemfromfrequentandfreecontact，isestablishedbetweenthem．Butforthosewhogetusedtotheonceidyllicrurallifeandvaluetheconsolation，warm，orlovetheygetfromothers，theycan’tacceptthiscruelfactandbegintobecomeeccentricandalienatedfromtheomerworld．DoctorReefyissuchapersonwhoiseagerforlovebutfailsmanytimes．Frustratedanddepressed，heloseshishope，shutsthedoorofhisheartandfinallyisdegeneratedtobeaself-alienatedperson．InWinesburg,Ohio，Reefyappearsintwostories，“PaperPill’’and“Death”．Firstly,fromthedescriptionofhisappearance，wecallseethatReefy’Sphysicalbodyisincloserelationshipwithacarnival-grotesquefigure．‘‘Hewasalloldmanwithawhitebeardandhugenoseandhands’’ 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinl张nesburg,Ohio(Anderson18)．Theknucklesofhishandsareextraordinarilylargeandhishandslooklikeclustersofunpaintedwoodenballswhentheyareclosed．Undoubtedly,theauthordepictsReefy’Sdistortedbody,especiallyhisdeformedhands，withgreatexaggerationwhichischaracteristicofcarnivalliterature．Despitehisrenownedprofessionasadoctor,hecaresliRleaboutwhathewearstotheextentthathehaswornonesuitofclothesfortenyears．Becauseoftheirduranceofsuchalongtime，theclothesare‘‘frayedatthesleevesandlittleholeshadappearedatthekneesandelbows”(Anderson19)．Hisdressingisextremelyfrugalandinappropriatetosuithisprofession．TheofficewherehealwaysstaysisSOmustyandmessythatalsodegradeshisprofessionasadoctor．Therefore，Theauthorpaintsthecaricatureofafoolishcamival—grotesquefigurewithgreatexaggeration，degradationandironytocreatecomicphenomenonandcausethecarnivalsenseofthewo订d_一thegayrelativityofeverythin94．Thoughmostofthetime，Reefyprefertowritehisthoughtsdownonpapersratherthanspeakthemout，healsorevealshistrueselfinfrontofhisclosefriend．Thefollowingisavividdescriptionofhismischievousjokewithhisfriend．Sometimes，inaplayfulmood，oldDoctorReef3,tookfromhispocketsahandfulofthepaperballsandthrewthematthenurseryman．“Thatistoconfoundyou，youblatheringoldsentimentalist，”hecried，shakingwithlaughter．(Anderson19、24 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinl张nesburg,OhioHere，hisvulgarandabusivelanguageisinaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofthebillingsgatelanguageincarnivalandhislaughterisalsoambivalent．Superficially,heishappy,butwhenweperceivehislaughterforasecondtime，wecantouchthegloom，bitternessandpaininhislaughter．BecauseonlyunderrarecircumstancesCanhereleasehimselffromhisownworldandrelaxhimself．Hislaughterisakindofemotionalcatharsisratherthanhisrealhappiness．Reefy’Sweirdbehaviorisalsotaintedwithcarnivalcolorinthatitcanarousepeople’Samusement．Hisgrotesquenessis，toagreatextent，revealedinhisqueeraddictiontomakingpaperpills，thehabitofwhichisformedbeforehismarriage．Whenheisyoung，heoftensitsinhisbuggyandgoesslowlyalongthecountryroads．Atthattime，heisnotaself-isolatedperson．Throughthejourneyinhisbuggy,agreatdealofthoughtshituponhim．Althoughhewishestosharehisfeelingswithothers，hefailstocommunicatewithotherswell．Thenherealizesthatitistoodifficulttobeunderstoodinthiscommunity．Themainreasonofhisgrotesquenessofhisoddhabitliesinhisfailureincommunicatingwithpeopleinthetown．Moreover,thetitleofthestoryconcernedwithReefyisalsotaintedwithambivalentnatureofcarnival．Reefyspendsmostofhislifethinkingaboutthetruthoflifeandwritesthemdownonpapersandthenthrowsthemout．Thesepapersarewhatwecall“paperpills”．Heretheauthoradoptsthephraseof“paperpills”aimingtoimplytwolevelsofmeaning．First，itreferstothepapersDoctorReefyrollstogether．Second，itimpliesthatwhatDoctorReefywritesonthesespitballsarelikepillswhichCanhealsomementaltraumaofthoseinnocent，helplessandpoorpeople．25 万方数据M．A．ThesJsChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveingqnesburg,OhioTherefore，incontradictionwithhisfoolishappearance，heiswiseinfact．Heisoneofthefewpersonswhocanreallyseethroughthesurfaceoflifeandobtainthetruthinthetown．Heownsanatureofthesenseofsympathyforthepoor,helplessanddesperatewomen．Duringhislife，hehastwoimportantfemalesoulmates：oneisgeefy’SwifeandtheotherisElizabethWillard．Intheireyes，Reefypossessessomepreciousbeautifulqualitieswhichothersareunabletobeawareof．Tothem，hisbeautifulqualitiesalejustlikethe“twistedapples”(Anderson20)whosesweetnessisknownbyfewandwhicharemorelikelytOberejectedbymostpickers．Thus，Reefyisnotlonelywhenhestayswiththesetwosoulmates，forhewillexpresshisinnerfeelingstothem，evenreadhispaperpillstothem，throughwhomhecansensehisrealexistence．Asadoctor,Reefynotonlyexaminesothers’physicalillness，butalsohealtheirspiritualtrauma．Theyconsoleeachotherandwarmeachothernotonlythroughverbalcommunicationbutalsothroughbodycontactsometimes．StayingtogetherwithReefywillmakebothhiswifeandElizabethWillardmuch“younger,straighter,[and]stronger'’(Anderson230)．Thisisthepositivesideofcarnival-grotesquefigureswhichisincontrastoftheiruglyandqueerphysicalappearance．Buthappylifedoesn’tlastlong，forbothhissoulmatespassawayinayoungage．Therefore，thissuddentragictransitionagainbringslonelinesstoReefyandreinforceshisalienation．Alterthat，Reefyneveropenshiswindowslettingthembecoveredwithwebs．Inthegloomyandemptyroom，theself-alienateddoctorisalonetoscribbledownhisideasonbitsofpaperandstuffsthemintohispockets．Thoughhesaysnothing，hiswordlessweirdbehaviorexpresseshisinnermostlongingforcommunication．26 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveingc=2nesburg,Ohio1．1．3AHceasaMadwomanInWinesburg,Ohio，therealwaysappearsomesortofmadpersonswhosebehavior,gestureanddiscourseareabnormal，eccentric，andinappropriatefromthevantagepointofnoncamivallife．Theyalwaysbehavedifferentlytoviolatethestandardofthesocialnorms．Inthefollowingpart，theauthorofthethesiswillanalyzethetypicalmadwomaninthework，AliceHindman，atraditionalwomanwhokeepsfidelitytoherloverandrepresseshersexualdesireforyears，butfinallybecomesdesperateandfallsintomadnessatarainynight．Aliceisatallandslightgirlwithanunusuallylargeheadovershadowingherbody．Fromthevividdescriptionofherdeformedphysicalappearance，wecangetahintthatthefateofthecharacterisnotaluckyone，forherstoopedshoulderimpliesthatsheisnotaconfidentandevenalittleself-abasedperson．ThisqualitycRnalsobeprovedbyherquietandrepressivepersonality,forshealwaysbehavespeacefullyandtendstorepressherinnerdesiresunderherplacidexterior．However,itisherintrovertedpersonalitythatforeshadowsherfinalstrongoutburstofherinnerrepressedemotionsafteryearsofconstrainedlife．Justasthetitleofthechapter,AliceHindman’Slifeislikeanadventure．ShehaslivedinWinesburgfortwenty-sevenyears，andattheageofsixteen，shefallsinlovewithayoungman，NedCurrie，andgivesherselftohim，wholaterleavesWinesburghopingtofindajobinacitynewspaper．However,hedoesn’tkeephispromiseandnevercomesback， 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinl张nesburg,OhioleavingAliceHindmanalonewaitingforhimwiththefantasythatherboyfriendwillreturnsomeday．Asagirlwhoisdeeplyinfluencedbythepuritanculture，AliceHindmankeepsloyaltoherlover．SherefusesthecourtshipofothermenandworkshardinthestoretomakethetimeofwaitingnotSOlonganddull．Inordertoalleviateherfearofbeingdeserted，sheevenseekshelpfromthepowerofGod．‘‘Droppingtoherknees，shetriedtopray,butinsteadofprayerswordsofprotestcametoherlips．‘Itisnotgoingtocometome．1willneverfindhappiness．WhydoItellmyselflies?”’(Anderson108)．Alice’Sstrongdisbeliefaboutherhappylife，whichonlycallbebroughtbyherreunionwithherdepartingboyfriend，NedCurrie，showsherlackofasenseofsecurity．Inherstory,thereisasharpcontrastbetweenAliceandhermotherwhoremarriesafterthedeathofherfatherandgetsagreatdealofheritagefromhim．Hermother’SsecondmarriageemphasizesAlice’SlonelinessandmakesherbelievethatsheisgettingSOoldandqueerthatshecan’tstandanymore．AnothervitalthingwhichbecomesasharptransitioninAlice’SlifeaswelliSthatAlicehasbecomeamemberoftheWinesburgMethodistChurch．Becauseofthisgreatchange，shebecomesmorelikelytogetacquaintedwithdifferentpeopleunderthedisguiseofattendingprayermeeting．So，tosomeextent，thereligiousassembly,suchasprayermeeting，isjustlikeacarnivalsquareinwhichAliceHindmancantemporarilyforgetherunhappypastandtendstoachieveanewlife．Alice’Sgrotesquenessthenfocusesonherattachmenttosomeinanimateobjects．Duringherlongwaitingforherlover,Alicegraduallyformsahabitofbeingattachedtoinanimateobjectssuchasfurniture，pillow,blanketandSOon，whichmaygiveherasenseofsecurityanda28 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinV竹nesburg,Ohiofeelingofbeingloved．Becauseofherlackofsecurity,Aliceturnstohavesuchastrongsenseofpossessionthatshecan’tbearanyonetotouchthefurnitureofherroom．Shebelievesthatonlywhatshehascancompletelybelongtoherandshehasthetotalmanipulationofallherpossession．Forexample，onrajnydays，shelikestolayherbankbookopenforhours，dreamingimpossibledreams；atnight，shegetsusedtoholdingapillowtightlywithherarms；shealsolikestoarrange‘‘ablanketSOthatinthedarknessit[100ks]likeaformlyingbetweenthesheetsand，kneelingbesidethebed，she[caresses]it，andwhisperingwordsoverandover⋯”(Anderson10)．Fromtheseweirdbehaviors，wecanconcludethattlleyarenotonlyakindofAlice’Scatharsisofherlonelinessandlongingforlove，butalsoakindofpsychologicalillness，namely,phantasm．Hersymptomsofphantasmcometotheclimaxwhenitisatsucharainynightthatastrongmadnessofrunningnakedlyintheraintakespossessionofher．Actually,Alicedoesn’treallyknowwhatsheisdoingandwhyshedoessuchridiculousthing．Itseemsthatsheissleepwalkingwithoutmuchawarenessandiscompelledbysometranscendentalpower．Sheisjustlikehavingamaddreaminwhichsheisnotofsobriety．Here，SherwoodAndersonisactuallytakingthemoral—psychologicalexperimentation5indepictingthemadimageofAliceHindman．Unlikenormalpersonswhosebehaviorareinaccordancewithconventionalnormsandorder，Aliceissuchagrotesquethatshedestroysthesocialnormandetiquettebyhermadbehaviorswhicharetheconsequenceofherunrealisticdreamforthereturningofherboyfriend．Alice’SfantasticimaginationCanbegroupedintothekindof“dreamsatire”(Bakhtin，Problems147)whichisavarietyofmenippea6，akindofcarnivalfolk29 万方数据M．A．T11esJsChapter1TheCamivalCollectiveinWZnesburg,Ohioculture．AccordingtoBakhtin：Thedreamisintroducedtherepreciselyasthepossibilityofacompletelydifferentlife，alifeorganizedaccordingtolawsdifferentfromthosegoverningordinarylife．Thelifeseeninthedreammakesordinarylifeinanewway．Thepersoninadreambecomesanotherperson，revealsinhimselfnewpossibilities(bothworseandbetter)，testshimselfandverifieshimselfbymeansofthedream．(Problems147)BecauseofAlice’SclingingtothePuritanmorality,sherepressesherinneremotions，includinghersexualdesires，duringherlonelywaitingforherlover．Withtheburdenofsuchalongperiodofwaiting，shehasbecometired，fearful，anddesperate．Toher,dreamingseemstobeawayofliberatinghernatureandobtainingalittlerelief．Thelifeinthedreamisacompletelynewwaywhichsymbolizestherenewalofherlife．Thatmeans，throughdreaming，shehasbecomeabrand-newpersonwhodarestotestifyherexistenceandhumannature．Therainofthatrainynight，atwhichsherunsnakedly,isasymbolofthebaptismofher,fortheraincanwashawaythespotofherlifefromherbody．Itistherainthathassomecreativeandwonderfuleffectonherbody．Beingnakedisalsoasymbolofabandoninghersenseofshameandguilt，andregainingasenseofconfidenceandinnocence．Therefore，atthattime，thoughsuperficially,sheseemsasamadwoman，she，infact，isasoberpersonwhogetsthroughallthedifficultiesandregainsthetruthoflife．However,fromthework，wecangetthehintthatAlicecanonlyescapefromherrepression30 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohioforsuchashorttime，becausewhilerunningnakedlyintherain，shecomesacrossapersonandwantstoarousehisattention．Toherdisappointment，themanturnsouttobeadeafpersonandCan’thearhercrazyscream．Theresultofheradventureendswithherfearofhermaddeedswhichseemlikeanightmare．Sheisfinallystrickenbythetruththat“manypeoplemustliveanddiealone，eveninWinesburg’’(Anderson12)．So，theimageofAliceisnotrestrictedtomadwomanbutawiseidiot，apersonwhoCangetthetruthdespitehersuperficialmadness．1．2ThePairedImagesInBakhtin’Sview,thepairedfiguresaretypicalofcarnivalimages，whichrepresentthecarnivalthinkingandambivalentnatureofcarnival．Alltheimagesofcarnivalaredualistic；廿leyunitewithinthemselvesbothpolesofchangeandcrisis：birthanddeath(theimageofpregnantdeath)，blessingandcurse(benedictorycarnivalcurseswhichcallsimultaneouslyfordeathandrebirth)，praiseandabuses，youthandoldage，topandbottom，faceandbackside，stupidityandwisdom．Ve科characteristicforcarnivalthinkingispaired—images，【whichare]chosenfortheircontrast(high／low,fat／thin，etc．)orfortheirsimilarity(doubles／twins)．(Problems126)31 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,OhioTherefore，‘'pairedimages’’aretobeunderstoodintwolayersofmeaning．First，theyareusedtomanifestthedualisticnatureofthecarnivalimagewithinitself．Second，asaconcept，they，areusedtorefertotwocarnivalimagesthatformadouble．InWinesburg,Ohio，SherwoodhasportrayedsomefiguresresemblingtheCarnivalpairedimages．Inthefollowingpart，theauthorofthisthesisistryingtoanalyzethepairedimagesinlt．Themale—femalerelationshipisconstantlydescribedinthenovel，especiallytherelationshipoftheleadingfigure，GeorgeWillard，丽thwomeninthetown，who，tosomeextent，leadhimtohismaturity．Amongthesewomen，bothLouiseTrunnionandBelleCarpenterhavehadanaffairwithGeorge，buttheyshowsomedifferencesintheircontactingwithmales．Theircontraststhusmakethembecomethepairedimagesinacarnivalsense．LouiseTrunnionisagifthungryforlove．ItisshewhoinitiatesherdatewithGeorgeWillardbygivinghimanote．Forsuchagideagerforlove，itisoutofgreatcouragethatsheinitiatestoexpressherfancyforGeorge．Butsheisalsoatraditionalgirlwhohopesthattheboywouldbemoreactiveintheirdate．That’SthereasonwhywhenGeorgecomestolookforher,shepretendsthatnothinghashappenedbetweenthem．Asagirl，thoughfullofpassionforlove，sheisalsoveryproudandself-esteemed．SheisSOcoldthatGeorgeeventhinksthat“shehasanerve!’’(Anderson45)．Actually,itishersenseofself-inferioritythatcontributestoherhaughtyandunapproachablepersonalitywhichmakesherdatingwithGeorgeacompletefailure．Besides，thefailureoftheirdateisalsoduetohercarelessness．Despiteherparticularlycomelycountenance，she32 万方数据M．A．1fllesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveint税nesburg,Ohiopaysnoattentiontoherdressorappearance，forinstance，shewearsnohatandthereisablacksmudgeonhernosewhichisleftbyherrubbingofhernose．Sheisalsolackoftendernesswhichisfavoredbymostmen．Deprivedofasottandeuphonicvoice，sheownsaverytartandloudvoice，inotherwords，it’Sbettertosaythatsheisshoutingratherthantalking．NowonderGeorgeisafraidofherandfearstogetintimatewithher．Hedoesn’tloveherandjustmakesuseofherforsexualadventure．Therefore，thedatewithGeorgefinallytumsouttobeboringandinsensitive，andmakesLouisedisappointed．However,George’Sanotherfemalepartner,BelleCarpenter,showsmanycontrastswithLouiseTrunnion．First，asfortheappearance，BelleCarpenterismuchmorebeautifulthanLouiseTrunnion．Sheistallandstrongwithdarkskinandgreyeyes．LikeLouise，shealsoloseshermotherandliveswithherfather,buttheirsimilarlifeexperienceleadstotheirdifferentpersonalities．LouiseiSmoretimidandblindthatshedoesn’tknowwhatshewantsandhowtogetherfavoritethings．Onthecontrary,Belleismorebraveandfirmthatsheinsistentlypursueswhatshewantsandevenwishes“shewereamanandcouldfightsomeonewithherfists”(Anderson178)．SheisagirlwiththespiritofresistanceandtriestofightforabeUerlife．UnlikeLouise，sheisSOsophisticatedthatshewon’tshowherinnermostfeelingsoutwardly．LouisewantspurelovebutBelleonlywantsthehappinessbroughtbytheloveaffair．HerloverisEdHandbybutshewalkswithGeorge，forshethinksthereisnodignitytowalkwithabartender,thussheisactuallytakingadvantagesofGeorge．Shewalksaboutwiththispromisingyoungmanjustasakindofrelieftoherfeeling．Sheisnotatraditionalwoman，forbesidesherlover,shealsolikestoflirt33 万方数据M．A．T11esisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohiowiththeman．HerattitudetowardGeorgeiskindandwarm，whichislargelydifferentfromLouise’Scoldnessandindifference．WhenGeorgekissesher,shewillnotresist．Inturn，GeorgealsoreactsdifferentlytowardherandLouise．HebehavesmorebravelyinfrontofBelleanddarestocommitintimateactswithher．HelovesBellewithoutknowingthatheismadeuseofbyher,SOwhenheisbeatenbyherloverandsuffersgreathumiliation，hehasgreatgrudgeagainsther．HishatredforBelleismainlyduetohisstrongloveforher．ThebiggestdifferencebetweenBelleandTrunnionliesinthatLouiseisinnocent，whileBelleissophisticated．Thus．itresultsinasharpdistinctionbetweentheirf．ates_一LouiseTrunniongetsfrustratedwithherfailureofgettinglove，whileBelleCarpenterachieveshergoalandreceivesmorelovefromherlover．Insomeway,BelleCarpenterismoresensibleandwiseintakingcontrolofherlife．Inthemale-femalerelationship，WashWillianmsandhiswifealsocomposeacoupleofpairedimages．WashWilliamisanugly,dirtyandmonkey—likegrotesque．HeisSOdirtythateverythingabouthimisuncleanexcepthishandswhichhethinkshighlyof．Inhisyoungage，hehasbeencalledthebesttelegraphoperatorinthestate．Despitehisuglyappearance，heiskindanddiligentthatheachievesakindofpervertedbeautyandwinsmuchrespectfrompeople．Whenhewalksthroughthestreetspeoplewillhaveaninstincttopayhimhomage．However,inWinesburg，heisalienatedandlonelyandmostimportantly,showsgreathatredtowardwomen．Healwayscallsthem“bitches”andcursesthem．Asformen，hetreatsthemdifferently,heshowspityofthem．Buthis 万方数据M．A．n圮sisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohiohatredforwomenisactuallyoutofhispreviousstrongloveforhisdisloyalwife．HeisoncehurtbyhiswifewhoisanunfaithfulandsensuouswomanandhassexaffairswithsomemenduringWashWilliams’Sworkingout．AfterseeingGeorgeWillardkissingBelleCarpenteratnight，hetellsthisstory,whichhasbeenhiddeninhisheartasadarksecretforalongtime，tohim，forhefeelssympathywithhimandwantstodrawhimbackfromtheseductionofBelle．WhenWashWilliamsisyoung，withakindofreligiousfervor,hewantstoremainvirginaluntilhismarriage．Asaloyalloverandanhonestperson，whenfindingtheadulteryofhiswife，herepresseshisangerandsendshertohermother’Shome．Atfirst，hestillmaintainssomeaffectivefeelingforherwifeandtransfershisanguishontothemenwhomhethinksmusthavewrongedher．Then，becauseofhissicknessoflivingalone，hewantstogettogetherwithhiswife；therefore，heagreeswithhismother-in—law’Sinvitationandgoestoherhouse．Butwhenseeinghiswifeforcedbyhermothertobenakedinfrontofhim，hefeelshumiliatedandangrythatheCan’thelpbeatinghismother-in-law．Hisbeating，whichshowshisgreat如以becomeshiswordlessprotectionofhisrespectasaman．Beinghurtagainandagain，heloseshisfaithinmen，sowhilehismother-in-lawbreakshisdreamofreconcilingwithhiswife，hefinallycutoffhisrelationwiththepeopleoutsideandpusheshimselfinaroomofhisown．Thus，fromthestoryofWashWilliamsandhiswife，wecanseethatheandhiswifeshowthetypicalpairedimagesinacarnivalsense．WashWilliamsisjustlikeafoolwhoistransformedtobeuglybothphysicallyandemotionallybyhiswife’Sextramaritalaffair．Heisuglybutfaithful，whilehiswifeisbeautifulbutdisloyal．Heiscautiouswithloveandgets35 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveinWinesburg,Ohiopainstolove．However,sensuousandlustforsex，hiswifeonlywantscomfortablelifeandjoyousbodyfeelings．AnothertypicalcoupleofpairedimagesisRayPearsonandHalWinters．111eyshareasharpcontrastinmanyaspectsbutalsohavemuchincommon．Fromthepairedimagestheycompose，wecanseethedoublepersonalitiesinthem，forHalWintersresemblesRayPearsoninhisyoungageandinturnRayPearsonindicatesthefuturelifeofHalWinters．Astwopersonsofsuchagreatagegap，theygreatlydifferfromeachothernotonlyphysicallybutalsopsychologically．Asfortheirappearance，Rayisanoldmanwithbrownbeardandroundshoulderscausedbytoomuchhardlabor,whileHalisayoungfellowwithbroadshoulders．RayisalmostafootshorterthanHal．So，Rayseemsmoreelder,weakandwitheringthanHal．However,psychologically,Rayismorematureandsophisticated，forhehasgonethroughmostofthetroublesHalcomesacrossandthenknowshowtosolvethem．Havingsufferedfromlotsofmisfortunes，Rayhasbecomeatimid，sensitiveandseriousperson．However,Halissuchaself-willedfighterandwoman—chaserwhowillalwaysgetdrunkanddosomeincrediblethingssuchasfightingwithhisfather．Hisfavorofdrinkandfightwithhisfathercauseacomicatmosphereandemphasizethecarnivalcolorofthisfigure．ThemostdreadedmistakeHalcommitsisthathemakesagirlpregnant．Withregardstothisunspeakablething，HalandRaycastdifferentattitudestowardit．Afteralengthyconsideration，Haldeterminestosettledownandmarrythegirl．Knowingabouthisdecision，Rayburstsintolaughter．Thelaughtersoundsnotaspleasantasitusuallyis；onthecontrary,itseemsmuchclosertoabitter,derisiveandsarcasticsense．“Hefelt1ike36 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectivein胁嚣6“曙，Ohiolaughingathimselfandalltheworld”(Anderson，210)．InHal，RayCanseetheshadowofhimself,whoisalsoanaudaciouslibertineandhascommitthesamefaultinhisyoungage．LikeHal，hechoosestotaketheresponsibilityofmarryingthegirl．Butwhenheisoldenoughandlooksback,hebelievesthatitisastupiddecisionwhichhewillnotmakeifhehasanotherchance．Hislifeisnotashappyasheoncethinks，forhiswifeisarudeandscathingwomanwhoisalwayscomplaining．Sometimes，whenhethinksofhiswife，hewillunconsciouslycursewithvulgarandabusivewordswhichcorrespondtothebillingsgatelanguageincarnival．Heisinsuchconfusionthat“hewantedtodosomethinghehadneverdonebefore，shoutorscreamorhithiswifewithhisfistsorsomethingequallyunexpectedandterrifying”(Anderson，207)．ThefarcesceneheimaginesisSOviolentandunconventionalthatviolatesthesocialnormandorder．Butthescenealsopreservesasubversionspirittobreakthebondageofsocialnorms．So，whenHalaskshimforhisadviceabouthowtohandlethetrouble，hewantstotellHalthatheneedn’tpayforit，forthereisnopromiseanditisjustanaccidentoflife．ThefollowingisthepsychologicalstateofRaywhilehetendstogiveHalhissuggestion．Ididn’tpromisemyMinnieanythingandHalhasn’tmadeanypromisetoNell．Iknowhehasn’t．Shewentintothewoodswithhimbecauseshewantedtogo．Whathewantedshewanted．WhyshouldIpay?WhyshouldHalpay?Whyshouldanyonepay?Idon’twantHaltobecomeoldandwornout．I'lltellhim．1won’tletitgoon．I'llcatchHalbeforehegetstotownandI'lltellhim．(Anderson，208—209)37 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter1TheCarnivalCollectiveingCTnesburg,OhioButwhenRaycomestofindHal，heloseshiscouragetotellHalthetruth．Moreover，heistoldbyHalofthefactthatheisgoingtomarry．So，thethinghappensonRayrecurs；therefore，RaycanforeshadowthefuturegagedyonHal．That’Swhyhesaidintheendofthisstory,‘‘It’Sjustaswell．WhateverItoldhimwouldhavebeenalie”(Anderson，210)．Inaword，HalseemsliketheyoungRayandwillbecomeRayinoldage．Toconclude，thecarnivalcollectiveinWinesburg,Ohioarecomposedofagroupofgrotesqueimagesoflonelyclowns，self-alienatedfools，madwomenandthosewhoappearinpairedimages．Thesegrotesquesareeitherphysicallyill—shapedorridiculousincharacter．Thefatandthethin，theuglyandthebeautiful，thekindandvicious，thefaithfulanddisloyaloftenappearinpairedimages，provokingtheeffectofpreposterousness．Thecarnivalisticeffectofthecharactersisachievedbytheirweirdbehaviorsandodddress．Forinstance，Reefywearsfrayedclothesforyears；Belle’Sfatheralwaysdonsablackshabbyalpacacoat，Aliceevenwearsnothingataheavilyrainynight．Toputitinanotherway,peoplearewearingmotleyclothinglivinginWinesburg．Theirunusualdressisjustlikethevariousmasksinthecarnivalmasquerades7，whichareunsuitableeithertotheirphysicalbodyortotheoccasiontheyappear,SOastoarousecomicatmosphere．Inaword，whileshowingtheirlongingforloveandcommunication，thecarnivalcollectiveexpresstheirwishforfreedomfromdogmaticnormsandorderinarelativelyjoyfulway．38 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,OhioChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,OhioBakhtinbelievesthatthecarnivalritualsarecomposedofcolorfulhumorouselements．HumorandcamivalaresointerrelatedwitheachotherthatCall’tbeseparatedapart．Festivals，inwhichthereareallkindsofhumorousritualsintheMiddleAges，aretheessenceofperformanceform．AccordingtoBakhtin，humorbelongstofestivalintheMiddleAges．Inanotherword，ifthereiSnoexistenceofhumorouselement，thecarnivallaughterwillbecomebald；ifthereisnoexistenceofcarnival，theroomleftforhumorwillbecomeverysmall．Toconclude，carnivalinvolveslotsofhumorouselemems．Carnivalletspeoplelookthroughthecmckandseetheideallifeoffreedomandequalityinthefuture．Therefore，itmocksthestale，outdatedconventionsandtraditionalconceptsandembodiestheessenceofhumanism，thatis，full-developmentandfreedom．Bakhtinactuallywantstodigoutthecomicessenceoffolkhumorousculture．Hefinallyfindsthefestivetoneinliteratureworks．8Thispartwilldiscussthecarnivalritualsofthemockingcrowninganddecrowningofthecarnival“kings”．InBakhtin’Sview,thecarnival“king”isnotarealking，butacharacteraroundwhom1ifeisfocusedandtintedwithcamivalisticcolors．Peoplearoundhimareeitherabsurd，oddormad，oraredeprivedofthenormalpositionin1ife．Carnivalisthefestivalofannihilatingandrenewingtime．Akingsymbolizesthepathos10 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinIHnesburg,Ohioofshiftsandchanges，ofdeathandrenewalwhichareincoincidencewiththecoreofthecarnivalsenseoftheworld．“Crowning／decrowningisadualisticambivalentritual，expressingthejoyfulrelativityofallstructureandorder,ofallauthorityandall【hierarchical】position'’(Problems124)．FromwhatBakhtinsays，wecallconcludethat，crowningalreadyincludestheideaofimmanentdecrowningandevenindicatesthecomingofthedecrowning．Intum，whentheritualofdecrowningiscompleted，anewturnofcrowningwillcome．‘‘Theceremonialoftheritualofdecrowningiscounterposedtotheritualofcrowning：regalvestmentsarestrippedoffthedecrownedking，hiscrownisremoved，theothersymbolsofauthorityaretakenaway,[and]heisridiculedandbeaten”(Problems125)．Allthesesymboliccharacteristicsofthisritualofdecrowningcontainanotherpositivelevelofmeaning．Inthedepressivesmalltown，Winesburg，thecamivalsquare，therelivesalargecrowdofcarnivalcharacters，someofwhomcanberegardedasthecarnival‘‘king”，wholivesthroughtheshiftsofcrowninganddecrowning．Duringthebaptismoftheritualofcrowninganddecrowning，theyfinallyfindtheiridentities，obtaintheirdreamsandgainarenewal．2．1TheDeerowningofWingBiddlebaumWingBiddlebaumisatypicalfigurewhoisoncecrwonedasthecarnival“king”bythechildrenheteachesanddecrownedbythetownspeoplearoundhim．Actually,WingBiddlebaumisnothistruenameandhisoriginalnameisAdolphMyers．Atthebeginning，heisateacher 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWMesburg,Ohioofyouth，whichheisbynaturetobe；atthattime，heiscalledasAdolphMyersandismuchlovedbytheboysofhissch001．Hehasacloserelationshipwithhisstudentswholovehimverymuchandwouldliketospendlotsoftimewithhim．Thefollowingisthevividdescriptionofthescenewhenheandhisstudentsaretogether：Withtheboysofhisschool，AdolphMyershadwalkedintheeveningorhadsattalkinguntilduskupontheschoolhousestepslostinakindofdream．Hereandtherewenthishands，caressingtheshouldersoftheboys，playingaboutthetousledheads．(Anderson14)Atthattime，heisjustlikethe“king”ofthechildren，fortheyowngreataffectiononhimandalwaysshowhimconsiderablerespect．Despitetheirdoubtsofthisseemlyoverintimaterelationshipbetweentheirchildrenandhim，theadultsalsogivehimhisdeservedrespect．Thus，winningsuchahighstatusandobtainingsuchagoodfameinthetown，heisjustlikeacarnival“king”whoisthoughthighlyofbytownspeople．Hisprestigeisgivenbytheadultsandchildreninthewayjustliketheclownbeingelectedbythepeopleasthecarnival‘‘king’’inthecarnivalrituals．Whenheenjoyshisprosaicandpeacefullife，somethingtragichappensandbecomesadrastictransitionofhisfate．Ahalf-wittedboy,whoisenamoredofhismaster,dreamsaboutsomethingunspeakablebetweenhisteacherandhimandthentellsthedreamastruthtotheadults．Thisanecdoteisjustlikeaboltfromthebluetothetownsfolkandtheir4l 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsingqnesburg,OhioimmanentdoubtswhetherAdolphMyersisapedophilefinallyprovestobetrue，ThisoncereputableteacherSOOngetshispunishmentbytheadultsaswecanseefromthevividdescriptionofthesceneofhisbeingbeaten．‘‘‘I’1Iteachyoutoputyourhandsonmyboy,youbeast．’roaredthesaloonkeeper，who，triedofbeatingthemaster,hadbeguntokickhimabouttheyard”(Anderson15)．Withgreatwrath，inarainynight，meydrivehimawayevenattempttohanghim．ThescenethatAdolphMyersisdrivenawayseemslikethecarnivalscene．Theyhadintendedtohangtheschoolmaster,butsomethinginhisfigure，SOsmall，white，andpitiful，touchedtheirheartsandtheylethimescape．Asheranawayintothedarknesstheyrepentedoftheirweaknessandranafterhim，swearingandthrowingsticksandgreatballsofsoftmudatthefigurethatscreamedandranfasterandfasterintothedarkness．(Anderson15)Inthiscamivalscene，lifeisfreeandunrestricted．ItiSfullofambivalentlaughter,abusivelanguageanddebasement．Theatmospherethereisverytense，boisterousandchaoticwithpeoplerunningafterhimshouting，cursingandswearing．Thenthefamiliarcontactandcommunalperformancesofdecrowningistakenplaceinthepublicsquare．Therefore，AdolphMyersisforcedtorunawayquicklyinsuchaterror,orhewillbebeatenandhangedbytheseangrypeople．Beingexile，heisjustlikethecarnival‘‘king’’whose‘‘vestments’’，suchashisidentity,42 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiostatusandfame，areviolentlystrippedoff．AlsoAdolphMyers’changeofnameCallbeinterpretedasakindofdecrowning．Inordertosurvive，AdolphMyerscomestoWinesburgtolivewithhisblack-toothedoldauntandchangeshisnameasWingBiddlebaum，which，ineffect，isnotchosenbyhimbutisgivenbysomeobscurepoet．Justlikethisname，therestlessactivityofhishandsislike“thebeatingofthewingsofanimprisonedbird'’(Anderson11)．ThisnameseemslikehismaskwithwhichhelivesaloneandnervouslyinWinesburg，fearingthathisshamefulpastmaybediscoveredbypeoplehere．Hismaskisjustasanexternalprofileforanother,butitjustshapesAnderson’Sselfhoodfromwithoutnotwithin．Withthenicknameasamask，WingBiddlebaumisinrelationtothecamivalesquespiritofchangeandrenewal．Becauseofhisadoptionofthisnewname，heincorporatestheimmanentmeaningofdecrowning，thatis，adecrowningalsocontainstheideaofabirthorrenewal，forinstance，AdolphMyersisdeadspirituallybutWingBiddlebaumhassurvived．WingBiddlebaum’Stragedyliesinhisbeingdecrownedasapedophile．Throughreadinghisstory,weCallalsoseethatthenovelrecordshisupsanddowns，changesandshiftswithafratemalsadnessandsympathy,castingamildglowoverthestory．Whenwecomparethepicturesoftheoncebeautifulsunsetunderwhichheishavingacarefreechatwithhisloveablechildrenandtoday’Sdarkgloomynightatwhichheiswalkingaloneinthestreet，hishelplessness，lonelinessandbitternessintensivelystingourheart．Therainyandsombernightatwhichheisdrivenawayemphasizesthetragiccoloronhim．Heisnolongertherespectableandloveableteacherintheeyesofbothchildrenandadults．43 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinBqnesburg,OhioOnthecontrary,heisstrippedofallthatheisonceproudofbytownsmen．Thedecrowninginvolvesthenegativemeaning，SOallhisloveofhisprofessionasateacherandhispureadorationforchildrenisnegated．ThechangeofBiddlebaum’SfateasbeingdecrownedasaPedophileshowsthathisdecrowningeme唱eswithaspecialclarityofthecamivalpathosofshiftsandrenewals，aswellasAdolphMyers’SsymbolicdeathimpliedbyhischangeofnameandhisnewlifeinWinesburg．Withregardtohisadoptionofanewname，wecandrawsomehopefromhim，thatis，asanewlyturnedman，heputsdownhisgloryandlivesinaprudentanddiligentway．HishandswhichareoncetObeblamedashavingcommitedsomedarkandevilthings，nowaretoolsforlaboring．So，fromthissense，hisdecrowningisnottotallynegativebutincorporatessomethingnewaswell．2．2TheDeerowningandReerowningofElizabethWillardElizabethWillard’Smotherdieswhensheisjustfiveyearsoldandleavesherlivingwithherfatherthroughhergirlhood．Herfatherisamanofproperty,whoownsahotelinwhichpeopleofallwalksoflifelivenowandthen．SotheenvironmentinwhichlittleElizabethgrowsupisthestreamofpeopledriftinginandoutofthehotel．Thisunstablegrowing-upsituationmakesherfatherhaveasenseofguiltytoher．Owingtothisnoisyandcomplicatedenvironment，thesupposed-to—bemiddleclassgirlisdoomedtobeaself-willed，voluptuaryandadventurouswoman．SheiSsuchanadventureroflifethatsheiS 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiosurroundedbymenanddateswiththem，thusshehasnogoodfame．Aproofofherdeserveddisreputeisthematterthatsheisnolongeravirginattheageofeighteen．SheisSOamorousthatshedateswithamallandthinksofanother．‘'Thetallbeautifulgirlwiththeswingingstridewhohadwalkedunderthetreeswithmenwasforeverputtingoutherhandintothedarknessandtryingtogetholdofsomeotherhand'’(Anderson227)．Atthattime，sheisanoutgoingandcarefreegirlwhoislostinthefunandhappinessoflife．Asshegrowsolder,andnoticesthefactthatmostthegirlsaroundheraremarried，shealsohasthedesiretogetmarried．Likeothergirls，thisinnocentandhappygirlbelievesthatmarriageCanchangeherlife．Becauseofherfeelingthatit’StimetomalTyandwiththewishofhavingahappymarriage，shemarriesTomWillardwhoisaclerkinherfather’Shotel．Inthismarriage，Elizabethseemslikeaprincesswhofmallyfindshersoulmateinherlife．However,onlyherfatherCanseethroughthesurfaceandwarnsElizabethfrommarryingTom，whomhethinksisanothermuddlejustashim．Herfatherisright，forhehasgonethroughallthesweetnessandhardshipsoflifeandCanforeseeherbeloveddaughter’Sfutureofmarryingthisguy．ButElizabethisstillimmersedinthejoyofmarriageandrejectsherfather’Sadvice．So，atthebeginning，Elizabethisverysatisfiedwithhermarriagethatshedoesn’twanttothinkofthepossibleunfavorableaspectsofit．Herfather,thesophisticatedoldman，whohasseentheupsanddownsofthelifeinhiswholelife，knowsthatthemostimportantthingforawomaniseconomicindependence．SowhenhissuggestionofnotmarryingTomisputdownbyhisinnocentdaughter,heforceshertoswearthatshewillnevertellTOmthemoneyheleavestoher．Themoney45 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinl张nesburg,Ohiosymbolizestheassetthefatherleavestohisdaughter．Thoughtheamountofmoneyisnotveryconsiderable，itstillensuresElizabeth’SidentityasagirlofpropertyandgivesElizabethalleconomicguaranteeofherfuturelife．Ifshelosesherlove，shestillownsanamountofproperty．TheplotofinheritingallassetactuallyforeshadowsthefollowingtragedyofElizabeth．Thenin‘‘Mother'’，wecanseethemiddle—agedElizabethwhoshowssuchasharpcontrastwiththeElizabethingirlhoodthateventhereaderscannotrecognize．Thebeautysheoncehaspassesawayandnowsheis“tallandgauntandherfacewasmarkedwithsmallpoxscars”(Anderson23)．Thoughmiddle-aged，sheseemsveryoldandsick，andisdegeneratedasahousewifeandalandladyofthehotel．Thebeauty,youth，happinessandsunshineallcan’tbefindinthebody．Insteadoffulfillingherdreamoffindingtrueloveandleadingahappylife，herlifeisbonngandmeaningless．Whatshedoesisallthetrivialthingsof“doingtheworkofachambermaidamongbedssoiledbytheslumbersoffattravelingmen'’(Anderson23)．However,herhusband，wholooksslenderandgracefulwithsquareshouldersandquickmilitarysteps，presentsasharpcontrastwithherinappearance．Insteadofthebeautifulblueprintofthemarriagelife，itturnsoutthatElizabeth’Smarriageissuchamess．Herhusband，whoregardsElizabethasashameandthethingdefeatedfor,doesnotshowherthedeservedrespectandtreatsherlikeanenemy．Evenwhenhethinksofher,hewillgrowangryandbegintocurseher．Fromthetenserelationshipbetweenthehusbandandwife，wecaninferthatthismarriageissuchacompletefailurethatElizabeth’Sgirlhooddreamhasbroken．Thehappyprincessonthemarriagedayisnomorecheerful46 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsingSnesburg,Ohiobutbecomesmoreandmoregloomy．ThentheunfulfilleddreamoffindingthetrueloveandbecomingsuccessfulistransferredontoheronlysonGeorge．SheloveshersonSOmuchthatsheiseagertogetcloserwithherson．Herpassionatefeelingofrelianceonhimevenmakeshimalittlesuffocated．Shehopeshersontobeameaningfulpersonevenatthecostofherownlife．ButTomisamanipulativepersonwhowantstotakecontrolofeverything．Ifshefindsheteacheshersoninhisway,shewillget如巧andmadeventothedegreeofwantingtokillhim．HerloveforhersonisSOstrongandheranticipationforhimisSOhighthatsheCan’tgetthemutualunderstandingfromherbelovedson；thereforetherelationshipbetweenthemisjustaformwithoutrealmeaning．Themiddle—agedElizabethismuchconfusedofheruneasydesireforchange．Inhergirlhood，sheownsashakyreputationandiscalled“stage-struck'’(Anderson30)．Despitehervoluptuousnature，shedreamsoftruelove；however,shehasn’tfulfilledhergirlhooddream．Anotherreasonforherconfusionisherlackofherhusband’Sunderstandingandsympathywhichshecaneasilygetfromthemensheoncedateswith．Instead，heevenfeelssickofher．Thus，sheislonelyandfrustratedandseeksconsolationfromherson，fromwhomsheseesthevitalitysheoncehas．SheisSOreliantonhersonandthisdependenceisSOincomprehensiblethatevenbecomesaburdenofGeorge．WhenGeorgeisoutofthesightofElizabeth，shewillbecomenervousandfearandbeginstolookforhimanxiouslyevenhystericallyjustlikeaninsanewomanwhoisveryoddandunreadable．Thefollowingisthevividdescriptionofheremotionalchangeduringherseekingforherson．“Thefeebleblazeoflifethatremainedinherbodywasblownintoaflameby47 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohioheranxietyandshecreptoutofbed，dressedandhurriedalongthehallwaytowardherSOn’sroom，shakingwithexaggeratedfears'’(Anderson27)．Fromthiswecallseetheinnerweakness，feeblenessandfearinherwitheringimage，whichresemblesagloomyghost；thus，forher,hersonistheonlyreasonofherexistenceanditisfromhersonthatsheobtainsthepowerforliving．Sheyeamsforcommunicationwithothers，especiallyherson，anddesperatelywantstostaywithhimandtellhimabouthergirlhooddreamandheranticipationonhim，butusuallyitturnsoutthattheyjustsitspeechlesslybyawindowandlookoutsideofittowatchthewholetown，Theatmosphereintheroomisalwayspeaceful，embarrassing，andweird．ElizabethisSOlonelythatshealwaysstaysintheroom，andinfact，hersononlypaysafewvisitstoher．Theroomisasymbolofthediscriminationbetweenherandthetownspeople，amongwhomhersoniSalsoincluded．Inthissense．ElizabethiSnowdecrownedasaninsanepatientlockedintherestrictedroomwithherconsistentthinkingofhergirlhooddreamandherson’Sfuture．Onlywhensheis‘‘awake'’andfeelSthethreatfromherhusbandonherplanofherson’SfuturewillshebravelytellGeorgetogoouttojointheboys．Shewantshersontoachieveanewlifeinsteadofthepresentdull，lifelessone，andsheknowsthattheonlywaytochangelifeistogoouttocommunicatewithothers．Therefore，Elizabeth’Sdecrowningresultsfromherlossofhergirlhooddreamaswellasheroverburdenedanticipationonherbelovedson．Sheisnolongeranextrovert，arrogantandindulgentyounggirlbutawordless，weird，gloomyoldwomanwhoisjustlikeaghostyinsanewomanintheeyesofherhusbandandevenherchild．ThatisthedecrowningofElizabeth；however,whenweguess48 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,OhioElizabethwillactliketheinsanewomanalloverherlife，shereceiveshercrowningin“Death”．ThisiscoincidentwithBakhtin’Sviewthatwhenadecrowningiscompleted，anewrunofcrowningwillbegin．Itisironicthatthetitleofthechapter“Death’’isincontrastwiththeElizabeth’Sspiritualrenewal．IronyisatypicalfeatureofcamivalizedliteraturewhichisusedtOprovoeateafunnyandcomicatmosphere．Elizabeth’SacquaintancewithdoctorReefyisduetOhercomingintohisclinictogetaphysicalexamination．Butlater,abouthalfdozenoccasions，shecomestohisclinicnotmerelyforthesakeofherhealthbutforsomeotherreasons．DoctorReefyissuchawonderfullistenerthathewillgivehisundividedattentiontoElizabeth’Spouringouthermiserablelifeandtalkingaboutherideasaboutlife．Despitetheiroldage，thetwopersonsformahabitoftalkingtOeachother,fortheyaremuchalikenotexternallybutinternallyinthatbothofthemwanttObeunderstoodandachieveasuccessfulcommunication．Therefore，thereisastrongemotionalconnectionbetweenthem，forexample，bothofthembelievethatGodisherewiththem．But，infact，theseGodsareinventedbyReefywhobelievesthattheywillcometOhisclinicwithoutknowingbyothers．Moreover,hehasabigdiscoverythatElizabethalsobelievesintheexistenceofGodsandshowsthemherpiousworship．Theyaresomuchincommonthatthoughtheytendtoprayonsomeoccasions，theirprayersseemnotformalbutverycasual．DoctorReefysays“IdidnotsaymyprayersinwordsnordidIkneeldownbutsatperfectlystillinmychair'’(Anderson225)．In‘‘Mother'’，weCallalsoseeElizabeth’SprayertoGodwhichistaintedwithcamivalcolor．‘‘IaskGodnowtogivemethatprivilege．Idemandit．1willpayforit．Godmaybeatmewithhisfists”49 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinl张nesburg,Ohio(Anderson25)．BothofthemareGodbelieversbutnotacompletedevoutbeliever，formostofthetime，onlywhentheyfeelhelplesswilltheythinkofGodandpraytorelievetheirfear．ThesceneoftheirprayingisactuallyaparodyoftheholyprayingceremonyofMiddleAges．ThisparodyiscompletedintheformofallimplicitdecrowningoftheGodorthesacredprayingceremonyofMiddleAges，forGodsintheeyesofElizabethandReefyishumanizedanddegradedtobelessholy,sacred，powerfulandjustawaytorelieveone’Sanxiety．ComparedwiththedecrowningofthestrengthofGod，theimportanceofmutualspiritualcommunicationbetweenDoctorReefyandElizabethiselevated，fortheirintercommunicationCanrelievetheiranxietyandexpeltheirlonelinesstoagreaterextent．Thus，thedecrowningofGodsisanindispensableelementfortheirlatercloserelationship．Theyaregettingalongwellwitheachotherthattheyalwaystalkoftheirlivesaswellasothers’．ThisiSthefirsttimethatElizabeth’Sinnerfeelingsandideasarecarefullyheardbyapersonandtakenseriouslybyhim．Thesparkofgirlhoodpassionisagainilluminatedinherheart；tosomeextent，shehasregainedanewlife．Here，Elizabethiscrownedasayounggirl，forthecrowningcontainstheideaofbreedinganewlife．EachtimeaftertalkingwithDoctorReefy,Elizabethfeelsrenewedandstrengthened．However,whenshecomesbacktoherroomsittingonthechairbythewindow,thegloomreturnstoher,SOwhatsheneedsistobeunderstood．ThisCanonlybeachievedthroughDoctorReefywhoisawarm-heartedlistenerforher．Thus，itisDoctorReefywhocrownsElizabethfromafrustrateddreamerasallinsanewomantoapassionatewomanasayounggirl．Sometimes，DoctorReefyseemslikea50 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiophilosopherwhowillmakephilosophicepigramsandusemetaphors．ToElizabeth，histalkingislikethedewwhichpurifiesElizabeth’Ssoulinthebaptismandbringsherthehopeoflife．Intum，toDoctorReefy,Elizabethisnolongeranoldwomanbutalovelyyounggirl．“Hethoughtthatasshetalkedthewoman’sbodywaschanging，thatsheWasbecomingyoungeLstraighter,sgongef’(Anderson230)．Becauseoftheirharmoniousrelationshipandmutualunderstanding，t11eyarebothvitalizedandattachedtoeachother．TheemotionalsparkbetweenthemreachestheclimaxwhenElizabethtellsDoctorReefyabouttheincidentwhichhappensatanightshortlyafterhermarriageday．Atthatnight，Elizabethisridingahorseswiftlyandfreely．Herfreeridingsymbolizesherwishtobreakthebondageofmarriage，togotoanewcityandtoacquireherfreedom．Whensherecallsthatdramaticnight，sheisalsoinfectedbythatoncebrave，boldandunfetteredself．DoctorReefyisSOattractedbyElizabeththathefinallycrossesthemorallineandpassionatelykissesElizabethwhoisstillmarried．Thesetwopersons，whohidetheirinneraffectionscautiously,finallygotogether．Thisistheclimaxintheirstory,anditisthefirsttimeafterhermarriagethatshefulfillshergirlhooddreamoffindingtruelove．ThestrengthofloveisSOpowerfulthatitrevivesElizabeth’Sdesireforhappylife．ButtherelationshipbetweenElizabethandDoctorReefydoesnotgofurther,becausewhentheybehaveintimatelyintheclinic，t11eyhearsomething，whichmakethemnervous，downstairs．Thisincidentbringsasharptransitionoftheirrelationship．Aftertheincidenthappens，Elizabethfinallyrealizesthattheirspirituallovewillnotleadtoahappyresult，fortheconventionalmoralnollnwillnotacceptanyextramaritalaffair．On51 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiohearingthenoise，Elizabethstopshertalkingandgoesawaywithasurgingmood．Atthattime，therealizationthatthehappylifewithDoctorReefycanonlylastforashorttimemakesherdesperate．ThisforeshadowsthefinaldeathofElizabeth．AsforthedescriptionofElizabeth’Sdeath，itisfullofcarnivalcolorandcreatessomesarcasticandsomberatmospherebutisnotlackoffunandamusement．SuchleisureddescriptionsofseriousdeathseemtoarisefromAnderson’Sdeepcarnivalsenseoftheworld，whichleadstoakindofspecialhumor．Fromtheperspectiveofanormalperson，deathisusuallyverygraveandgloomy,butunderthepenofAnderson，Elizabeth’Sdeathisdepictedtobemorecasualandcomic．First，deathinthemindofElizabethisnotaterriblethingbutthethingshehungersfor．DeathispersonifiedasherloverbyElizabeth，whichisincredibleandformsastrongironiceffectonreaders．“Inthedarknessofherroomsheputoutherhand，thrustingitfromunderthecoversofherbed，andshethoughtthatdeathlikealivingthingputouthishandtoher’(Anderson232)．Second，theattitudeofElizabeth’Sson，George，tothedeathofhismotherisalsotaintedwithcarnivalcolor．Georgedoesnottakehismother’Sdeathseriouslyandevenbelievesthathismotherisstillalive．WhenreadingthatGeorgeisannoyedwithhismother’SdeathforitsputtingoffhisdatewithHelenWhite，wecanstronglyfeeltheunderestimateofhismother’SdeathbyGeorge．Infrontofhismother’Sdeadbody,heeventhinksoftheintimacybetweenhimandHelenWhite，anddoesnotshowanysorrow．Theattitude，whichshouldhavebeenpainfulandsad，towardhismother’Sdeathturnstobeindifferentandcold．However,theepiphanythatheshouldfeelsadabouthismother’Sdeath52 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohioandshowsomerespectgiveshimasuddenstrikeandmakeshimshamefulforhispreviousattitude．Then，thedeathofhismotherisupgradedintheeyesofhim．GeorgecontrolshisurgetoliRthesheetfromthebodyforthesakeofhisrespecttothedeadbody．Theimageofthedeadbodyiselevatedanddeified．Georgefeelsthatthedeadbodybeforehimisaliveand‘‘thatinanothermomentalovelywomanwouldspringoutofthebedandconfronthim，becameSOoverpoweringthathecouldnotbearthesuspense”(Anderson235)．Here，thewriterimpliesthatdespitethephysicaldeathofElizabeth，herspiritualsoulisstillaliveintheheartofherson．Althoughtheycommunicatelittlewhensheisalive，heranticipationforhersonisacceptedbyGeorgetotheutmostafterherdeath，andhisacceptionforeshadowshislaterchangeanddeparturefromWlnesburg．ThehowlthatbreaksthesilenceofthepeacefulandstillatmosphereisGeorge’Sscreamingthat‘‘Mymotherisdead”(Anderson236)，whichisSOheartbreakingandpatheticthatsignifieshissuddenfurtherunderstandingoflife．Therefore，itisElizabeth’SdeaththatmakesagreatinfluenceonhimandmakesherimmortalinhisheartjustlikeaGoddesswhowillguardandguidehimforhisfuture．Thus，thiscarnivaldeathsceneofElizabethcrownsElizabethfromaninsanemothertoadeificimmortalwomanasaGoddess．2．3TheCrowningofGeorgeWillardGeorgeWillardistheleadingcharacterwhothreadsthroughthe53 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiowholenovelconnectingthecharactersandthingsaroundhim．Inatownofpeople，amongwhommostaregrotesques，Georgecanbeconsideredasthemostnormalperson．Becauseofhisprofessionasanewspaperreporter,whowillalwaysperceiveanobjectiveviewandpreserveasenseofunderstanding，peopleinWinesburgwouldliketogotohisresidenceorhisofficetotalkwithhimabouttheirhelplessness，confusion，anxiety,fearoranger．Intheeyesofthesetownsmen，Georgeisthemosteventheonlywiseandconsiderateperson．Throughhispatientlisteningofothers’pouringoutofsorrows，hehasdrivenawaytheirlonelinessandwarmedtheirhearts．George，whoshowsadistinctdifferencefromagreatnumberofgrotesquesinthetown，isthemostnormalpersoninWinesburganditisthroughhimthatthelifeofthegrotesquesisall-roundlypresented．Hiscarefulobservationofthegrotesquesandhisdeepinsightoftheirabnormalbehaviorprovidehimanabundantsourceofwritingandbringhimthenecessaryqualitiesofagoodnewspaperreporter．Aimingtotakethenewspaperreporterashiscareer,influencedbypeoplearoundhim，aswellasbearingtheanticipationoftheirhope，GeorgeWillardisbecomingandfinallyhasbecomeanartistwhoisrespectedbypeopleintown．ThecrowningofGeorgeispracticedduringhisquestforself-identity．GeorgeWillard，thesonofElizabethWillard，isinfluencedbyhismothertotakethenewspaperreporterashisprofessionandwantstobesuccessfulinthisway．Buttofulfillhisdreamisnotasimplething，andwhathewillfaceisalongjourneyfullofdifficulties．Fortunately,peoplearoundhimexertgreatinfluenceonhimintentionallyorunintentionallyduringhisgrowth．Throughcontactingwiththem，Georgebecomesmoreandmorematureandfinallybecomesarealartist．Thus，54 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohioheiscrownedfromthestatusofanimmatureyoungmantoasuperiorpositionofarenownedpersoninthetown．Theyoungartistisjustlikethe‘‘carnivalking’’whomallthepeopleinWinesburgthinkhighlyof．Atthebeginning，GeorgeWillardisjustaninnocentchildintheeyesoftownsmen，SOpeoplearoundhimwouldliketosharetheirinnerfeelingsandunspeakablesecretswithhimfrankly．WingBiddlebaum，WashWilliamsandElmerCowleyalldesperatelywanttotalkwithGeorgefromwhomtheyCanexpresstheirlonelinessandlongingforlovetogetalittlecomfort．WingBiddlebaumtellsGeorgehisshamefulpastofbeingdrivenawayasapedophilebytheresidents．WashWilliamsshareshissecretofbeingbetrayedbyhiswifewithGeorgetowarnhimfromsinfulgirls．ElmerCowleydesiresGeorge’Sconfirmationthatheisnotqueer,forhevaluesGeorge’Sviewsverymuch．Theyare，tosomeextent，abunchofgrotesquesaccordingtotraditionalnorms，butarelovableandunderstandablegrotesques，fortheyholdonsomemathwhichtheymake，SOastoresultintheirgrotesqueness．Whilelisteningtotheirsecrets，GeorgeCanalsogetsomehintsfromtheirtruthoflife，andevencallseetheirimplicitbeautiesfromtheirweirdbehaviors．ThisisagreatprocessGeorgehastakenonhisroadtobeanartist，forheCanbreakthebondageoftraditionalnormsanderectanobjectiveviewaboutthepeopleandlifearoundhimtoequallytreatthese“inferior'’persons．So，GeorgeWillardisawarm-heartedanduprightperson，whoownstheessentialqualitiesofbeinganartist．Throughthecontactwiththegrotesques，Georgebecomesmatureinthathegainsadeepperceptionoflifeandestablisheshisownstandardofjudgingpeople．Becauseofhiscloserelationshipwiththem，heCanbetter55 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohiounderstandthemwhoareemotionallyorphysicallydistortedowingtotheirlonelinessandlackoflove．Inotherwords，Georgeiscrownedasthe‘‘camivalking”whogainsagreatpopularityinthecarnivalsquare，Winesburg，bythesecarnivaldowns．Geo娼e’Scrowningisrealizedthroughthesharpcontrastsbetweenhim，theonlynormalpersoninthetown，andtherestgrotesquefigures．Heownsthepotentialofbeinganartist，whichotherpeopleinthetownCallhardlybecome．TheforemostencouragingpowerinGeorge’Scrowningasayoungartistisfromhismother，Elizabeth．Itisshewhonoticeshisson’Ssensitivityoflifeandnature，andsupportshimwhole．heartedlytopursuehisdream．Influencedbyhismother,Georgegraduallydevelopsahazywishofbeingawriterinthefuture．ElizabethwantsGeorgetoleavethesmalltown，forshehopeshecanthinkaboutlifewithhisownperspectivesandbeaspirituallyindependentman．ThatiscriticallyhelpfulforGeorgetoachievehisdreamofbeingallartist．SowhenGeorgelatertellshismothertheplanofleavingthetown，shefeelspleasedandconsolable．Unfortunately,Elizabethdiesbeforesheseeshersonrealizehisdream．However,hismother’SdeathmakesGeorgebegintoexaminehimselfandrealizetheuncertaintyoflife．Itishismother’Sdeaththatwakestheyoungmantoreachaspiritualmaturity．ManycriticshighlighttheimportantinfluenceofElizabeth’SdeathonGeorgeWillard’SpsychologicalindependenceandmaturiW．Cowleyholdsthat‘‘GeorgeisreleasedfromthetownofWinesburgbythedeathofhismother'’(Introduction245)．BungeassertsthatElizabeth’S‘‘deathfinallypusheshimoutofselfishisolation'’(Atlas264)．Inhislamentsoverthelossofhismother,Georgefinallygetstheepiphanytoappreciatethe56 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinl研nesburg,Ohiomaternalbeautyofhismotherandtoovercomethedistancebetweentheminsomemythicway．Hefinallytakesthestepsofleavingthetowntoseethebiggerworldandfulfillhisdreamofbeinganartist．George’SartistictalentisalsodiscoveredbyKateSwift，whoisthefirstinstructortotheapprenticeartist．WhenGeorgeisstillaboy,shehasalreadyrecognizedthesparkofgeniusthroughreadingwhathehaswritten．Potentialandsensitivityisnecessarybutnotenoughforarealartist，whoshouldunderstandhumanbeingsandobservelifearoundhim．ItisKateSwiftwhoenlightenshisunderstandingoftheessenceoflife．Forthefirsttime，Georgeaskshimselfwhatisessentialforarealwriter．ItisherearnestquestthathelpsGeorgetoexaminehimselfandhisprofessioninthelaterdays．Thoughhaven’tbecomearealartistyet，hissparksofgeniusinwritinghavearousedtheattentionofbothhismotherandhisteacher,inotherwords，heiscrownedbythemasapromisingartist．Asayoungandpotentialman，Georgehasattractedmostyounggirlsinthetown，suchasLouisTrunnion，EnochRobinson，BelleCarpenterandSOon．Heisjustliketheprinceofthetownandhasexperiencedvariouskindsofromanticaffairs，throughwhichheobtainsadeeperperceptionofwomenandlove．Thisisanessentialqualityofbeinganartistandpromoteshimtostepontotheartroad．George，whoisgoodattheloveaffairsbetweenmallandwoman，isnotgrowntobeamatureman，butistrainedtobeabigboywhoknowsthemale·femaleaffectionthroughdatingwithyounggirlsintown．Itistheyounggirlswhogivehimlessonsaboutlove．GeorgeWillard’Sassociationwiththemhelpshimtoformharmoniousandidealmale—femalerelationshipwhichisavery57 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,OhionecessaryexperienceforapotentialartistandembodieshismanhoodasPreviously,Georgedoesnotpossessacorrectattitudetowardwomen．Whenconcerningfromtheperspectiveoftherolewomenplayinthesocietywherewomellshouldobeymen’swill，wecanconcludethatthesmalltownisSObackward．Therepresentativeofmale-centerednessisGeorge’Sfather,TomWillard．InafamilyinwhichthefatherisSOself-centered，Georgefollowshisfather’Sattitudetowardwomen．Inhiscontactwithyounggirlsofthetown．itiseasytoidentifyhismale—centerednessandhisdespiseaboutwomen．However,throughhiscontactwiththesegirls，heisalsoledtothenewviewpointthatwomenareanindependentcommunityandthatbothmenandwomenareequalandshouldrelyoneachothertofightagainstlonelinessandfear．Asafutureartist，Georgehasenrichedhisimaginationanddevelopshisartisticsenses．Hisattitudeandunderstandingtowardwomenhaveundergonefundamentalchanges．Hebecomesmoreandmorematureandunderstandstheessenceoflove．HefinallybecomestheidealmanandwinstheloveofHelenWhite，aperfectgirlinthetown．TheideathatGeorgeWillardwillbecomeawriterhasgivenhimadistinctiveplaceinWinesburg．Inthestory“Departure'’，Georgefinallyleavesthetownafterhismother’Sdeath．Thedepartureofhimhasagreatsymbolicmeaning，whichishisrenewal，namely,thebeginningofanewlifeinalargercityasayoungartist．Forhim，theeighteenyearsinthesmalltownseemsbutamoment．Hehasexperiencedagreatchangeinthistownandhasgonethroughthetunnelfromanirresponsibleyouthtoasensibleand58 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohioconsideratemamreman．Onhisdepartureday,everyonecomestoseehimoff．SomeofthemhavealreadywitnessedthedepartureofthoseyoungmenlikeGeorge．Theycanwellunderstandhisdeparture，fortheyknowinsidehimthereisadreamwhichhedarestotakethisadventuretofulfill．Intheadmirablefocusofthetownsmen，Georgeleaveswiththetrain．Withtherecollectionoflittlethingsoccupyinghismindheclosedhiseyesandleanedbackinthecarseat．HestayedthatwayforalongtimeandwhenhearousedhimselfandagainlookedoutofthecarwindowthetownofWinesburghaddisappearedandhislifetherehadbecomebutabackgroundonwhichtopaintthedreamsofhismanhood．(Anderson252)Atthatmoment，GeorgeiscrownedasarealartistwhoisSObraveandcourageoustotakehisjourneyofpursuinghisdream．Intheeyesofthetownsmen，hehasalreadybeenacclaimedasanartistandhaswontheirsupremerespect．Inshort，Winesburg,Ohioisimbuedwithshiftsandchanges．WeCanseeWingBiddlebaum’ScatastropheofbeingdegradedasapedophileandElizabethWillard’Spainoflackoflove．However,thecarnivalritualofdecrowningisnotacompletenegationanddestruction，butanacquirementofshiftsandrenewalsaccordingtoBakhtin．So，inElizabeth，wecanseeherfinalachievementoftruelovefromDoctorReefyandherspiritualreunionwithherson．Theambivalentanddoublepersonalities59 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter2TheCarnivalRitualsinWinesburg,Ohioarewellshownthroughhersymbolicdecrowningandrecrowning．Moreover,theimageofGeorgeWillardhasalsoexperiencedsuchkindofchangesandgetsrenewed．Theyallappearinarelativelynewcharacter,incarnatingshiftsandrenewalsoftheirlives．Therefore，thecarnivalritualsofcrowninganddecrowning“isadualisticambivalentritual，expressingtheinevitabilityandatthesametimethecreativepoweroftheshift—and-renewal[and】thejoyfulrelativity[．．．]”(Bakhtin，Problems12) 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,OhioChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,OhioAfterananalysisofthecarnivalcollectiveandcarnivalritualsinthisnovel，theauthorofthethesistriestodigdeepertorevealtheinnerspirituallayerofthenovel．Expectedly,thecarnivalspiritisembodiedinthiscarnivalworld．Etymologically,carnivalis‘'theoldLatinecclesiasticalwordfortheseven—dayfestivalofmeat—eatingbeforeLent'’(Ningl4)．But，withthepassageoftime，itsmeaningandusagesufferedagreatchangeandwasenlargedfarbeyonditsoriginandwaselevatedtoanabstractphilosophicallevelinBakhtin’Stheory．Nowadays，thewordcamivalhasalreadybecomethespokesmanofthespiritofsubversion，ofequality,ofambivalence，ofthejoyfulrelativityofeverythingandofanopenandunfinishedworld．InBakhtin’Sviews，carnivaldemonstratesthespiritofsubversionwhosenatureistochallengehierarchiesandauthorities．Atthesametime，itisalsoaccompaniedbythespiritofreconstruction，namely,thereconstructionofanewsetoforderandlaw．Carnivalhelpsreconstructabrandnewsituation：“thefinallifeoftheconsciousness，freedfromalltheconditions，positions，obligations，andlawsofordinarylife，asitwerealifeoutsideoflife”(Bakhtin，Problems140)．CominguparethetwopartsoftheanalysisofthecarnivalspiritofWinesburg,Ohio．6I 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohio3．1TheSpiritofSubversionDuringthetimethatAndersonwaswritingWinesburg,Ohio,Americawasattheturningpointofatransitionalperiodfromagrarianperiodtoanageofindustrialism．However,asapersonwhosechildhoodmemorywaslargelyremainedOnthepeacefulpastorallife，hehatedtheunfavorablechangestheindustrialismbroughttohim．Theriseofindustrialismbroughtintobeingalargegroupofwageearners，whokeptworkingmechanicallywiththeaimofmakingmoney；theviolenceandbitterness，whichwoulddisturbthemlmionbetweenlaborandmanagement；theethnictransformationofpeoplefromadmiringnaturetomoneyworshipandanewsetofsocialorders，whichareoppressiveanddepressive．Underthebackgroundofsuchcriticaltransitionalperiod，Andersondepictsagroupofpeople，whoaresufferingfromsomephysicaldistortionandmentalrepressionbroughtbythesevitalchanges，inanimaginedsmalltownnamedWlnesburg．InWinesburg,Ohio，thesubversivepowerisexpressedthroughtheexaggeratedlydepictedgrotesqueimages．Thoughmanyofthemaredepictedasagroupofinarticulatepeople，they,infact，demonstratetheirfightagainstthesocietythroughtheirsilentprotestsuchastheirgrotesqueappearance，madbehavior,vulgarlanguageandderisivelaughter．Thegrotesquenessaltogetheremphasizesthecamivaleffectcreatedinthenovel．Thesegrotesquefigureshaveonethingincommonthattheyaregreatlydifferentfromnormalpersonsbothinbodyandinmind．Theauthormakesuseofthegrotesques’unusualviewsofobservingandthinkingabouttheworldtobreaktheseriousnessofauthorityandtoendowthe62 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohioworldwithfreedom．Inthenovel，themainreasonsresultingintheirgrotesquenesscanbeconcludedintothreeconspicuousanddominantfactorsatthatperiod，namely,industrialism，traditionalsocialrulesandreligiousbeliefs．Thefollowingpartwillanalyzethecarnivalsubversivepowerwhichisgreatlyimmersedinthenovel．3．1．1TheSubversionagainstIndustrialismAfterreadingthisnovel，wecallhaveagoodgraspofthebackgroundofAnderson’SwritingthatthestoriesmentionedinthenovelhappensfromtheendofAmericanCivilWarandthroughtheperiodofAmericanindustrialrevolution．ThisCanbeprovedbyAnderson’Sdepictionofthemechanicexpansionintheonceruralarea，Winesburg，andthedailychattingofthetownsmeninhotelsorinns．Inthenovel，throughtheabnormallifeofthegrotesquepeopleinthatsmallMidwestemtown，Andersonshowsanostalgicsenseoverthelossofoncepeacefulandidyllicrurallifeandexpresseshisstrongsubversivepoweragainsttheruthlessandoppressiveindustrialperiod．Asapersonwhosechildhoodisspentinasmalltown9farfromthecrowdofcity,Andersondoesnotagreewiththeunfavorableeffectscausedbyindustrialism，instead，underhispen，theindustrialismhasshowntheirbadevendestructiveinfluenceonthelifeoftownsmen．PeopleinthetownCanbeclassifiedintotwogroups：oneisthemiddle—agedorelderadults；anotheristhemoreintelligent，wiseandhopefuljuveniles．Theelderpersons，whohaveformedthehabitofchattingand 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiodrinkinginalittleinninoncepeacefulandhappyagrarianperiod，stillke印thishabitinthisquicklychangingage．Theytendtomakefunofsomepoliticalnews，treatingitassomethingjoyfulforchatting，usuallywithsomedrinks，andsometimes，becauseoftheirdifferentpoliticalfavors，theywillquarrelwitheachother．TomWillardissuchapersonwhohasapassionforvillagepoliticsandalwaystalkswithothersaboutitandholdshispoliticalviewssteadfastlywithouttoleratingotherdifferentideas．Sometimeswhenhetalksexcitedly,hewillevenberatethetravelingmen“IamaDemocratbutyourtalkmakesmesick'’(Anderson126)．HiswordsareSOvulgarandabusivethatcorrespondwiththecharacteristicofbillingsgatelanguage．However,intheeyesofsomewisepersons，usuallysomeyoungmensuchasSethRichmond，theirtalksaboutpoliticsarejustnonsensewhichshouldnotbetakenseriously．In“TheThinker'’，SethhearstheirpoliticaldiscussionwhenhecomestofindGeorge，but“[the]youngmanonthestairsdidnotlingertoheartherestofthediscussion，butwentonupthestairwayandintothelittledarkhall”(Anderson126)．Herewecanseethesharpcontrastsbetweentheirattitudestowardlife．Theoldmenwhohaveexperiencedaperiodofhappy,peacefullifeinagrarianagehaveobtainedaviewofleadingasensuouscheerfullife．However,asthemembersofayounggeneration，whohavesufferedfromtheoppressivemechanicallifeofcontinuingworking，theybecomeserious，pessimistic，andevencynic．TheyareSOindifferenttothepeopleandthingsaroundthem，letalonepolitics．Intheireyes，theeffectoftheCivilWaronelderpeopleisdegradedastheinterestingtopicoftheirdiscussion，which，toagreatextent，reflectstheirboredomoflife． 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinVe2nesburg,OhioThematerialawarenessbredbytheadvancingindustrialperiodisunderviolentattackbytheauthor．Inthestoryof“Godliness”，Jesse’SfourbrothersarekilledduringtheCivilWar,whichleavesadeeptraumaonBentleyfamily．Jesse’SbrothersareallmoreintelligentthanJesse，butbecauseoftheirdeaths，thefertileBentleyfarmisunderthechargeoftheyoungestsonofBentleyfamily,JesseBentley．What’Sworse，JesseBentley,whoisalsoinfluencedbythemoneyworshipcrazesweptduringtheindustrialrevolution，attacheshisresponsibilitytotheenlargementofhislandandtheexpansionofhisfortunewithouttakinggoodcareofthepeoplearoundhim．Asaresult，hisfatherdiesindespair,forhehaslosthishopeforhisson；hiswifediesindesperatewhensheisgivingbirthtoachild；andhisdaughterlivesingreatpainandsadness，forsheisagirlnotaboywhichherfatherwisheshischildtobe．ThefactthatthemostincapablemantakeschargeoftheheritageforeshadowsthemorbidpsychologyoftheoffspringofBentleyfamilyowningtotheirforefather’Scrazymoneyworship．ThetragedythatWingBiddlebaumhaslostitsidylliclife，aswellasitscreativeandimaginativepowerasacountrysideteacherinthestow“Hands”doesnotonlybelongtohim．Whenpeoplebreaktheirharmoniousrelationshipwithnature，abandontheidylliccountrysideandgiveuptheirworkwhichmeetstheneedswiththeirlongingforhandicraft，they,asimaginativeandcreativepersons，losetheirabilityofimaginationandcreation．Asaresult，theirbodiesbecomedistorted，theirmindgetsnarrowedandtheyaregoingtobecomeoutcastsofthesocietyanddoomedtobelonelyandweirdgrotesques．Thesegrotesqueswillactabnormally；sometimestheywillscoldintheoutsideplaces；sometimes65 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinl研nesburg,Ohiotheywilllaughboisterouslywithoutanyreasons；sometimestheywillthrowpaperpillsattheirclosestfriendlikeDoctorR-ee母in“PaperPills”．Theindustrializationruthlesslypushesthetownintoanindifferent，gloomyanddepressiveworldandbringsthetownsmenpermanentinanityandfrustration．Theyneedtobeunderstoodanditistheirmischiefthatgivesventtotheiranguishofthematerialworldinwhichpeoplecarelittleabouteachother．Trainsandcarswhicharerepresentativesoftheindustrialperiodappearfrequentlyinthenovel．Thoughregardedasthemostusefulinventionsinnineteenthcenturyforitsconveniencebroughttofactoriesandtransportationbusiness，theyareconsideredassomethingharmfultothoseinnocentandunsophisticatedruralpeopleinthisnovel．In“ThePhilosopher'’，DoctorParcival’Sbrotherisrunoverbyacar．“OncewhenhewasdrunkhelaydownonthetracksandtheCarSinwhichhelivedwiththeotherpaintersranoverhim'’(Anderson41)．Alsointhischapter,becausethehorsesarefrightenedbyatrainandmadlyrunaway,“【a】littlegirl，thedaughterofafarmer,hadbeenthrownfromabuggyandkilled'’(Anderson41)．SheisSObadlyhurtthatDoctorParcivalCandonothingbutrefusetorespondtopeople’Scryforhelp．Heisveryscaredandhasanillusionthathewouldbehangedbypeoplewithuncontrolledanger．Thesebloodyfactsallverifythattrainsandcarsareruthlessmachineswhichmayleadtotragedy．In‘‘TheUntoldLie”，thesubversionagainstindustrialismisoutburstthroughthedevastationofWindpeterWinters．Heiscrushedtodeathbythetrainrunningathighspeed．Hisdeath，seenbyafarmerandhiswife，seemsverysolemnandstirring．Whenthetrainisrunningtohimathighspeed，heisn’tafraid，onthe 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritin臃nesburg,Ohiocontrary,facesitwithgreatbravery．Hereisthedescriptionofthesceneofthecrush：OldWindpeterstoodupontheseatofhiswagon，ravingandswearingattheonrushinglocomotive，andthathefairlyscreamedwithdelightwhentheteam，maddenedbyhisincessantslashingatthem，rushedstraightaheadtocertaindeath．(Anderson204)Windpeter’Sbravedeedshowshisdissatisfactionwithindustrialism，andwhenhefacesitdirectly,herelentlesslyslashesitwiththesacrificeofhisownlife．Despitepeople’Sbeliefthathewillgotohellandnothingwillchangewithouthim，theyalsoadmirehimsecretlyde印intheirheart，fortheycanunderstandwhatheisdoingandadmirehisfoolishcourage．So，thecrazydeedcommittedbyWindpeterspeaksouttheiranguishandhelplessnesstowardindustrialization，thus，thesubversionagainstindustrialismisrealized．3．1．2TheSubversionagainstTraditionalMoralsWinesburg,OhiounderthepenofSherwoodAndersonpossessesastrongpomographiccolor．Therealwaysappeartobesomeeroticsceneseitherbecauseoftheirlongingforloveorjustduetotheircarnallust．Sexualdesireisashamed，evenforbidden，tobetalkedaboutinpublicaccordingtotraditionalmoralatthattime．HoweverAndersondepicts67 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiosucheroticscenestoboldlyexposetheunavoidablehumannaturewithoutanyapprehension．Thoughitseemstobealittlelibidinalsuperficially,thenovelactuallyapprovestheverynormalnatureofhumanbeingsandsubvertsthetraditionalmorals，whosedogmaadvocatestheshameandevilnessofsex．InWinesburg,Ohio，manycharacters，especiallyfemalecharacters，arethevictimsoftheSO．calledtraditionalmoralsorsocialrules．Inordertocatertothestricttraditionalnorms，theyrepresstheirinnermostfeelingsanddesires，andperformasthemostbutonlysuperficiallyuprightand109persons．In‘‘Adventure”，AliceHindmanisfullofpassionwhensheisinlovewithherboyfriend，NedCurrie，andfinallyeatsthe‘‘forbiddenfruit'’whichisnotacceptedbythesocietybecauseofheridentityasanunmarriedgirl．NedleavesAlicetoachievehisdreamasacitynewsmanwiththepromisethathewillcomebackandmarryher．Alice，whoisveryloyaltoherlover，waitsforhimyearsafteryearswithoutacceptinganyothers’proposal．However,herloverstillhasn’tmadehisappearanceforalongtime．Thepressurefromthepublicopinionsthatsheisnotagoodwomananddeservestobeabandonedmakeshermad．OnenightwhenitrainsheavilMsomethingstrangehappened．“AsshestoodonthelittlegrassplotbeforethehouseandfeltthecoldrainonherbodyamaddesiretOrunnakedthroughthestreetstookpossessionofher'’(AndersonSoshelaysdownallherburdenandrushesnakedlyintotheraintoletitwashesagainsthernakedbodyatwill，whichrepresentsherstrongstruggleagainstthetraditionalmoralsthatmightforceanormalpersontobecomemadandabnormal．“Shewantedtoleapandrun，tocryout，to68 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiofindsomeotherlonelyhumanandembracehim'’(Anderson11)．Herfightissilentbutspeaksmuchstrongerthananyvocallanguagethatblamestheoppressivetraditionalmoralsaboutsex．Inanotherstory“TheTeacher'’，KateSwiftalsosuffersfromthedepressionofherstrong，hiddensexualdesireandfinallysubvertsthedogmatictraditionalnormthroughhermadandunreadablebehavior．KateSwift，whoiSoneoftheseldomintellectualsinthetown，iSaschoolteacherandownsahighprestige．But，evensuchaknowledgeablepersonsometimescan’tavoidhavingsomelustfulthoughtsanddoingsomethingwhichisnotsuitableforheridentityasanotedteacher．Aswementionaboutherstrongsexualdesire，thereisaseductivesceneweshouldpayattentionto．WhenKateSwiftisalonewithGeorgeWillard，sheis，tosomeextent，attractedbyhisgrowingmanlinessandcharm，andcan’thelpcontrollingherpassiontoembracehim．‘‘Sostrongwasherpassionthatitbecamesomethingphysical．Againherhandstookholdofhisshouldersandsheturnedhimout”(Anderson162)．ItisthemasculinepowerinGeorgethatarousesthehiddeninsidehumannature，namely,sexualdesire，ofKateSwift．Unfortunately,herawarenessofhersexualdesirelastsforsuchashorttimethatoncerealizingthatitisinappropriateaccordingtothesocialmoral，shesetsGeorgefreeandreturnstohermonotonouslife．“Shearoseandlaughed，notsharplyaswascustomarywithher,butinaqueer,hesitatingway'’(Anderson162)．LoveissomethingKateSwiftwantsmost，butasamiddle-agedteacherandamaid，shehastorepressherstrongemotionalpassion；therefore，heremotionalrepressionforceshertobecomeachangeablewomanwhomaysometimescrossthemorallinetocommitsomecrazydeeds．Wearingthe69 万方数据M．A．ThesJsChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiomoralmask，shedisguisesherselfasaserious，strictandlofrypersoninfrontofthetownspeople，especiallyherstudents．Asateacher,sheisusuallyverycoldandstemintheclass，butsometimeswillalsostimulatethepupilstolaughthroughherinterestingmakingupofsomefamouswriters’stories；however,shortlyafterthat，shewillsuddenlybecomeagaincoldandstem．“TherewassomethingbitingandforbiddinginthecharacterofKateSwift”(Anderson158)．Happinessisjustmomentaryforher,andonlybiUemessisherpermanentlabel．Becauseofhersexualrepression，shelivesunhappyandwantstobreakoutthebondageoftraditionalmoral．Deepinherheart，thereisastrongprotestagainsttheoppressive，dogmaticsocialmoralityandnorm．Withthepassageoftime，herstrongdissatisfactionaboutlifefinallyreachestoaclimaxthatshecan’tbearanylonger．Thus，in“TheStrengthofGod”，wecanseetheothersideofKateSwift．Throwinghermaskasadignifiedteacher,sheenjoysthevoluptuouslifeinwhichsheCangetridoftheterribleburdenofsocialmorality．Then，that’Swhytheminister,CurtisHartmancansee‘‘intheupperroomofthehousenextdoor,awomanlyinginherbedandsmokingacigarettewhileshe[reads]abook'’(Anderson145)．Inthatsense，thevividdepictionofthedimlylightedroominwhichadesperatewomanliesnakedlyinthebedwithacigaretteinherhandsisnotpornographicatall，butisthesilentandstrongsubversionagainstthetraditionalmoralityandnorm．Here，wecanseetheextremebitternessandentanglementofKateSwift，whocannotexpressherdissatisfactionwithlifeatdaytimeoratpubic，butletsitoffthroughhercrazyandimpenetrabledeedsatnightwhensheisalone．Throughtheircrazydeeds，KateSwiftaswellasAliceHindmanshowstheirsubversionagainst70 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiotraditionalmoralstoliberatetheirhumannature，namely,sexualdesire，whichisalwaysforbiddenbythesocialrules．3．1．3TheSubversionagainstReligiOU$BeliefsInthenovel，therearetwostorieswhicharetaintedwithreligiouscolortoagreatextent．Thesetwostoriesare“Godliness’’and“TheStrengthofGod”，inwhichboththemaincharactersarefaithfulreligiousbelieverswhoseattitudetowardlifeislargelyshapedbytheirreligiousbeliefs．JesseBentley,theownerofthefarm，isonce“aministerofPresbyterianChurch”(Anderson51)．fromwhichhisreligiousmaniaderives．Heassureshimselfinthestoriesof“Godliness”thatheiSamoral，God-fearingman，behavingloyallyinlinewiththetenetsofbible．Ironically,thisreligiousbelievermakesuseofreligiontoaccumulatewealth．“Itseemedtohimthatinhisday[⋯]kingdomsmightbecreated[⋯】bythepowerofGodspeakingthroughachosenservant．Helongedtobesuchaservant”(Anderson56)．Hebelievesthatasastrongbeliever,Godwillhelpandblesshim，SOheCanwinasmuchmoneyandlandaSpossibletosatisfyhisstrongmaterialdesire．Atthebeginning，hegetsallwhathewants，SOhisdesireswellsandthenheasksGodtogivehimaboyatthenightofhiswife’Sgivingbirthtoababy．ThereasonwhyhewantsaboySOdesperatelyisalsobecauseofhisreligiousmaniathathedoesn’tbelieveagirlcanmanifesttheGod’Sgrace．However,hiswishisnotrealized，forhiswife，Katherine，givesbirthtoagirlnamedLouiseBentley,insteadofaboy．ItisJesse’Sobsession谢tllGod’Smissionthat7l 万方数据M．A．T1lesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiomakeshimindifferenttobothhiswifeandhisdaughter．Hiswife，duetoheavylaborandlossoflove，diessoonafterhergivingbirthtothedaughter．Hisdaughter,whoislookeddownuponbyherfather,issenttohisfriend’Shousetobebroughtup．Duetoherrootlessandtragicchildhood，Louisehasformedagloomy,melancholypersonality．ThecomingofadaughterislikeaviolentblOWtoJessewhooncestronglybelievesinGod，butnowhassomedoubtsthatheisdesertedbytheGod．However,“forhimthecomingoftheboyDavid[hisgrandson】didmuchtobringbackwithrenewedforcetheold黼manditseemedtohimthatGodhadatlastlookedwithfavoruponhim”(Anderson69)．Jesseagainhasfaithinreligion．Owingtohisreligiousmania，tragedyfinallyfallsdownOnhisgrandson，David．JesseisSOpioustoGodthathebelievesGodwouldappeartohimandgivehimamessage，SOhepreparestomakeasacrificewithDavid．Bringinghimintothewoodswithalambtheycatchontheroad，JessebecomesverymysteriousandsuddenlyraiseshisknifetothelambwhichiSinthesamedirectionwithDavid．HeactuallywantstokillthelambasthesacrificebutismisunderstoodbyDavidashewantingtokillhim．‘‘Terrorseizeduponthesouloftheboy'’(Anderson91)．Ingreatterror,Davidshootshisgrandfatherwithhissling．Then“[with]agroanhe[Jesse】pitchedforwardandfellalmostattheboy’Sfeet”(Anderson91)．Thinkingthathisgrandfatherisdead，DavidrunsawayoutofWinesburg．David’Sescapefromhisgrandfathersymbolizeshisescapefromreligionwhichheconsidersunbearable，horrible，andruthless．Heuseshisescapetofightagainsthisgrandfather’Sreligiousmania．Then，theimageofapiousreligiousbelieverlikeJesseisdegradedasallambitious，madpersonwhowantsto72 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,OhiograbtranscendentalpowerfromtheGodtosatisfyhismaterialambition．Themockeryofreligiousbelieverscanalsobeperceivedin“TheStrengthofGod”．CurtisHartmanisthechurchmanofthePresbyterianChurchofWinesburgforatleasttenyears．Duringtheseyears，hebehavesdecentlyandproperlywhichcoincideswithhisnoblestatus．Hedoesnotconnectcloselywithwomenandkeepsaharmoniousrelationship、访thhiswifewhoissuchapassionlessandarrogantwoman．BeingpioustotheGod，CurtisdoestheworkofGodquietlyandeamestly．Butonemorningchangeshimverymuchandmakeshimconfused．ThatmorningwhenCurtispraysforanincreaseofthepowerofGodinhim，fromthewindowintheroominthebelltowerofthechurch，hesees“intheupperroomofthehousenextdoor’awomanlyinginherbedandsmokingacigarettewhileshe[reads】abook'’(Anderson145)．Heisshocked，andinthelaterdays，thepictureofthisnakedbodyisalwaysrecurringinhishead．Manytimes，hecannothelprunningtotheroomtowaitforthewoman．Hisinnercarnaldesiremakeshimashamedandconfused，forhethinksitisforbiddenaccordingtotheBible．Ironically,healwaysstaressecretlyatthenakedbodyinthedarkunderthedisguiseofpraying．Hispeepofthenakedbodyshowsthesharpcontrastbetweenhisinternalsideandsuperficialappearance．Fromthat，wecallseeheissuchaloflypersonwhobehavesdifferentlyfromwhathepreacheswhenheisalone．Despitehisevilpeepwhichshouldhavebeenblamed，wecanstillsensesomeambivalentsympathyforthispoormailwhorepresseshisinnerdesire，forCurtisisjustanordinarypersonwhoisnormaltohavethehumannatureofcamallust．Whenhevigorouslyrepresseshisswayingmind，hebeginstodoubtaboutthepowerofGod．“Inawayhe73 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCamivalSpiritinWinesburg,OhiobegantoblameGod，sayingtohimselfthathehadtriedtokeephisfeetinthetruepathandhadnotrunaboutseekingsin'’(Anderson149)．Undergreatconfusion，hebreakstheglassofthewindowandacceptshiscarnaldesireashumannature．Hefinallybelievesthat“Manhasafighttoexpectlivingpassionandbeautyinawoman'’(Anderson151)．Sohethinksaboutgettingoutoftheministryandtriestodosomeotherwork．Herefusestobeahypocriteanddoesn’twanttodosomethingasshamefulaspreachingwhilethinkingofanakedbody．Hisbreakinguponthewindowsymbolizeshisstrongblowofthereligionwhichheconsidersarestrictionofthehumannature．Asasophisticatedpreacher,showinghisbleedingfist，heclaimstoGeorgeWillard，“GodhasappearedtomeinthepersonofKateSwift，theschoolteacher,kneelingnakedonabed”(Anderson152)．HisoriginalinterpretationoftheGod’Smanifestationviolentlybeatsthetraditionalreligiousnorms，whichneglectthehumannatureofsexualdesireandconsideritimmoral．OnaJanuarynight，afterhispeepofthenakedbodyofKateSwift，Curtiscriesanddragstheheavydesk，thenrunaway．HisactionisSOviolentthat“[the]Biblefell，makingagreatclatterinthesilence”(Anderson152)．Thisishislastappearanceatthechurchinthenovd．Hisdesperatecryisoutofhisstrongemotionalstruggle．Itisthefirsttimethatherealizesthathisreligiousbeliefisinconflictwithhishumannature，andhefinallychoosesthelatterandsubvertsagainsttheformer．So，whenheleavesthechurch，thefallingoftheBiblesymbolizesthecollapseofthereligioninhisheart．74 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohio3．2TheSpiritofRenewalSinceinAnderson’SWinesburg,Ohio，nearlyeverythingischallengedandsubverted，thenachangingandfluidworldisimplied．AccordingtoBakhtin，carnivalmakessureofnothingbutratherdeclares‘‘thejoyfulrelativityofeverything”(Bakhtin，Problems125)，thatis，everythingiscomic，relativeandisalwaysdevelopingtoitsoppositeside．Afterexpressinghissubversionofindustrialism，traditionalmoralsandreligiousbeliefs，Andersonreconstructedthestandardofmoralityaboutsexandreligionaccordingtohisownmoralstandpoint．Fightingagainsttheconventionalmoralnorm，socialorderandauthority,Andersonproclaimstheimportanceofpursuingtheliberationandfreedomnotonlyphysicallybutalsomentally．InAnderson’Seyes，modemAmericaintheindustrialperiodissuchnegativeandrepressiveandisnotsuitableformantogrowbenignantly．Thelaws，orders，customs，andconventionsdestroytheirimaginationandcreativitywhicharenormalinruralperiod，anddenythemodemman’strueself．ToAnderson，modemmenareinhibitednotonlymorally,butalsomentallyandphysically,fortheyareconfrontedwiththepressureofmoney—makingandarefrustratedbytheirdrudgeryandpoorrealityofeverydaylife．InWinesburg,Ohio，thegrotesquecharactersunderthepenofAndersondedicatethemselvestoreconstructtheirtrueselftogetridoftheoverwhelmingpowerofalienationfromthemodemWOrld．Thespiritofrenewalinthisnovelcanbemainlymanifestedfromthereconstructionofselfhoodofthecharactersandtheirnewvisionoftheworld．Throughtheirsubversionagainstthecruelindustrialismand75 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinVeinesburg,Ohiotherestrictivesocialmoralandreligion，theysetaseriesofordersaccordingtotheirownstandard．Obeyingwiththeirhumannature，theysettheirsexualdesireandreligiousbelieffreetoprovidethemenoughliberation．whichseems1iketheirnew1ife．3．2．1ReconstructionofSelfhoodThesmalltown，Winesburg，underthepenofSherwoodAndersonseemslikethecarnivalsquarewherepeopleofvarioustypesarelivingandstrugglingwiththeirmentaldepressionandfrustrationbroughtbyindustrialismandtraditionalconventions．Theyaremadsuperficially；however,theyarestrugglingtofindtheirtrueselvestoreconstructtheirselfhood．Amongthem，thereisagroupofsomedesperatewomen，suchasKateSwiftandAliceHindman，whoarefaithfultolovebutaretorturedbytheirnatureofsexualdesire．Toseekfortheirselfhood，bothofthemaretakingofftheirbondageofmoralconventionandsetthemselvesfree．Atnight，KateSwift，amiddle—agedteacher,smokesandliesnakedlyonthebedandthesceneofwhichispeepedbyReverendCurtisHartmanwhobelievesthatitiSforbiddenforwomentosmokeanditisunmoraltoseethenakedfemalebody．However,theuprightchurchman，CurtisHartman，isattractedbythiseroticsceneandstaysanxiouslyatthechurchtOwaitsecretlyforKateSwift’Snakedbodyintheexcuseofpraying．Though，KateSwiftisnotawarethatsheisbeingpeeped，sheindeedreconstructsherselfhoodforshehasalreadymadetheprestigiouschurchmanacceptthisforbiddenthing，andmoreover,76 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritint张nesburg,Ohiofascinatedbyit．Intheend，CurtisHartmanevenburststoaconclusionthatKateSwiftis“aninstrumentofGod，bearingthemessageoftruth’’(Anderson153)．So，inthiscase，KateSwiftbreaksthediscriminationwithwomen’Scamallustandbecomesthespokesmanforfemalerightsthatwomenareequalwithmanandshouldnotbearthemoralburdenofkeepingvirgin．AliceHindman，awomansuffersfromthemissingofherlover,isalsotorturedbythemoralnormthatsheisnotallowedtomalTyanymanexceptherlover．Virginitybecomesthemostimportantthingtoher．However,beingcompelledbythecruelrealitythatherloverwillnevercomeback，sheismadatlast．Shewantstostruggleforherselfandtogainherselfherselflaood，SOonenightshetakesanadventurethatsherunsundressedintherain．Intherain，shemeetsaperson，andthistime，sheisnotafraid．“Awild，desperatemoodtookpossessionofher'’(Anderson11)．Shedoesnotcarewhoitisandcriestoarousethatperson’Sattention，forshenolongerwantstobeinvisibletoothers．Atlast，shefindsherselfhoodthroughhercrazydeedthatnight．Herpowerfulcrysymbolizesherdesperatedeclarationthatsheshouldberegardedasanindependentidentity,whichcannotbemanipulatedbyanypersonorconvention．Inspiteofthesedesperatewomen，therearealsomanydepressedmenlivinginthecarnivalsquareofWinesburg，whoaretorturedbytheirlongingforlove，theirwillingtobeunderstoodandtheirpersistentfaithinreligion．Theyallwanttofindacatharsistotheirdepressionandtheyareseekingfortheirpositioninthetownallthetime．WingBiddlebaumisconsideredasapedophileanddrivenawaybythetownsmen．Thenhechangeshisnameandlivesinanothertown．Thoughknowingthatitishis77 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritingqnesburg,Ohiohandstobeblamed，heworksveryhardinthefarmwithhishands．“WiththemWingBiddlebaumhadpickedashighasahundredandfortyquartsofstrawberriesinaday'’(Anderson，11)．Therefore，hishandshavebecomehisdistinguishingfeatureandtheSOUSeofhisfame．Insteadofbeingateacher,hefindshisidentityasbeingagoodlaborer．Hethenachievesarenewalinanewplacewithanewlifestyle．DoctorReefy,whoislackoflove，findshisselflaoodinhisspiritualcommunicationwithElizabethWillard，awomanalsodreamsfortruelove．Duringtheirmutualspiritualinteraction，theyhavereceivedtherespecttheyareeagerforandhaverealizedthattheycanalsobesuchimportanttootherpeople，thus，theirselfhoodisreestablishedthroughtheirspirituallove．CurtisHartman，apiouschurchman，realizeshishypocrisywhenhefindshisstronginnercarnallust．Allthetime，hewantstotesthimselfbystayinginthechurchnotlookingatthewindow；however,hefails．Then，ingreatmadness，hesmashestheglassofthewindow．Thebreakingofthewindowisjustlikehisbreakingofhisselfhoodandthewindowisreplacedwhichmeanshisselfhoodisreconstructed．Hebeginstocomprehendsomemoresophisticatedmeaningaboutreligionandfinallyconstructsasetofhisownmoralnorms，accordingtowhichsexualdesireisaccepted．Hegrowstobeanewmallwhorefusestobeasophisticatedpersonevenatthecostofgivinguphisjobasareverend．InWinesburg,Ohio，peoplekeepexploringtheirselfhoodinthismentalwasteland．TheyareactuallythereflectionofSherwoodAnderson’Sinnerrestlessnessandhisfrustrationwiththeworld．Inordertomakeagreatbreakthrough，andtoachieveafullerconstructionofselfhood，peopleinthetownactaccordingtotheirinnermostimpulseandmotivation．During78 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiotheprocessoftheconstructionoftheirtrueself,alltheirburdenoffear．prejudice，andsocialdisapprovalhavebeenresisted．Winesburg,OhwpresentstoreadersagroupofgrotesqueswhofinallygetfreefromtheconfinestotheirtrueselvesandreconstructamodelofseifhoodaSmodemmen．Theytrytosetthemselvesfreefromtheoverburdenedresponsibilities，dogmaticsocialrulesandorders，andhypocriticalreligiousbeliefs．3．2．2TheⅥsionofaNewWorldInWinesburg,Ohio，SherwoodAndersonintendstoprovideaspiritualcatharsisforpeopleinthetown．HetriestofindanescapefromtheseriousconventionalwayoflifeandtherestrictedsociaIordertocreateanewworldforhumanbeings．Inthenovel，insteadofputtingmoreeffortsonthedepictionofonlyonecharacter,AndersonstandsfromanoverallstandpointtopresentaspiritualwastelandofthisMidwestemtowninthetransitionalperiodthroughthedepictionofthegrotesqueimagesaSwellaStheirstories．Winesburg,Ohioexpressesthethemeoflossofloveandthementaldeformityoftownsfolkbroughtbyindustrialcivilization．WinesburgisafictionalplacewhichiscreatedtosomeextentaccordingtoAnderson’ShometownClyde，abeautiful，harmoniousMidwestemtown．InAnderson’Sview,therurallife，whichissimpleandpeaceful，Canstimulatethecreativeandimaginativepowerhiddeninhumanbodies，forapersoncanusuallybeinspiredbythebeautifulnaturewhichisa 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohioprofoundoriginofliteraturecreation．Hemissestheinnocence，diligenceandsimplicityoffarmersorhandicraftmen，whosenumberdeclinesrapidlyinindustrialperiod．Thecomingofindustrialism，attendedbyalltheroarandrattleofaffairs，theshrillcriesofmillionsofnewvoicesthathavecomeamongUSfromoverseas，thegoingandcomingoftrains，thegrowthofcities，thebuildingoftheinterurbancarlinesthatweaveinandoutoftownsandpastfarmhouses，andnowintheselaterdaysthecomingoftheautomobileshasworkedatremendouschangeinthelivesandinthehabitsofthoughtofourpeopleofMid—America．(Anderson44)Undertheinfluenceofthematerialtrendofindustrialism，thoseonceinnocent，diligentpeopletumtobeindifferent，sophisticatedandmoney-oriented．Theprevailingmechanicmachineshavedeprivedtheirimaginativeandcreativepowerandpushthemintothemonotonouslifeofcontinuousworkinginaccordancewiththerunofthemachines．ThomasYinglingholdsthatbecausethelocationofthetownisruralratherthanurban，Winesburgringssomechangesonthetypicaldepictionofmodemalienation(Crowley10)．Theybecomeidealess，inflexibleandmechanicalbecauseoftheirendlessworkingandindifferencewithothers．Hence，therelationshipintheneighborsischangedandnolongerharmoniousbutestranged．Moreover，theyalsohavetofacetherestrictionofsocialorderandconventions，whichmaketheirlifeserious80 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohioandboring．Andersonhatesthisfickleworldwherethestandardofeverythingisjudgedbymoney,SOatthemiddleoftheage，hequitshisSuccessfulbusinessandturnstoliteraturecreation．Hisattitudetowardthismaterialsocietyiscertaintobereflectedinhiswork，Winesburg,Ohio，inwhichhedepictsaseriesofmad，grotesquepeoplewhosuffernotonlyphysicalbutalsomentaldistortion．Inordertofindanewwayoutofthisboringandstifflife，Andersondepictsthesegrotesquepeoplewithcarnivalspirittosubverteverythingandfindarenewal．Therefore，anewvisionofthewoddispresented．Inthisnovel，ashasanalyzedbefore，allthatisconventionalandmoraliSsubvertedandanewsetofordershasestablished．InWinesburg,Ohio，Andersonaffirmsthehumannatureofapersonandemphasizestheequalityamongpeopleinfaceofthesesocialnorms．Anequalworldofmenandwomenispresentedinthisnovel，thatistosay,mennolongerhavethesocialpriorityoverwomenonanyaspect．Forinstance，womencanalsohavetheirrighttoseekforloveandshouldnotberestrictedtotheoppressivesocialmoralitythatonlyconfineswomen．Attheendofthenovel，GeorgeWillardiswillingtObetherebelofthematerialsocietyandinordertoachievehisdreamofbeingawriter,departsfromhishometown．FromGeorge，wecanseetheshadowofthemiddle-agedAndersonwhoalsogivesuphisbusinessandpicksuphispen．WhenGeorgedeparts，allofthetownspeoplecometosaygoodbyetohim．TheyknowwhatGeorgepursuesisaspiritualworldinsteadofmaterialworld．YoungandinexperiencedasGeorgeis，heisshownwithsuperiorhomagebythetownsmen，foronlyhehasthecouragetotaketheadventuretomeetanunknownworld．Thus，thelastchapteristheelevationofthewholenovel，andinthischapter,Anderson81 万方数据M．A．ThesisChapter3TheCarnivalSpiritinWinesburg,Ohiotransfersfromthedepictionoftheindustrialwastelandtoanidealworldinwhichcultureandartiseelebrated．AllthesegrotesqueimagesandtheirfluctuatingliveswehavediscussedinthisthesisarepresentedbySherwoodAndersoninthecarnivalspirit．Theyareambivalentinthatthedestructionisrelatedwithreconstruction；thedeathsymbolizesthespiritualrebirth．ThispathosofradicaldestructionandrenewaliStheessenceofBakhtin’Scamivalsenseoftheworld．LikeBakhtin，SherwoodAndersonattemptstopresenttheuncertaintyoflifethroughtheupsanddowns，changesandshiftsoftheirlife，andexpresstheiranxietytosubvertagainsttheoldanddogmaticthingsanddesiretoreconstructanewworld．Thiscamivalspiritoffersthechancetorealizetherelativenatureofeverything，tohaveanewoutlookontheworld，andtocreateacompletelyneworderofthings． 万方数据M．A．ThesisConclusionInthepreviouschapters，theauthorofthethesishasanalyzedvariousaspectsofWinesburg,OhiointhelightofBakhtin’Scarnivaltheory．ThewesterncamivalistictraditionhassuchalonghistorywhichtookitsshapeintheMiddleAgesandhasstretchedtomodemtimes．Whenwritingthisnovel，Andersonmayhavebeentracingthecamivalistictradition．Asawriterwhoadoptedapostureoffree，liberatedspiritandwroteasasardoniccriticofAmericanmaterialism，heistosomeextentimbuedwithcamivalspirit．Inhismiddleage，hislifehasencounteredasharpshiftfromabusinessmantoarebelliouswriter,whichresembleshisspiritualrenewaloflife．Fulloffreedomandrebellion，hefoundthestrengthtowrite，andatthesametimetoreleasehisaffectionfortheworldofAmericansmalltown，likethesmalltownWinesburginthisnovel．BydepictingawastelandofasmallMidwestemAmericantown，AndersonexpresseshisambivalentoppositiontoindustrialismandshowshisnostalgicfeelingaboutthelosSoftheagrarianperiod．Owingtothispoint，thenovelispermeatedwithmoreconspicuouscarnivalcolor．TheanalysisofthisworkshowsthatWinesburg,Ohioisimbuedwithcamivalisticcolornotonlyinitsformbutalsoinitsprofoundmeaninganditswayofseeingtheworld，especiallytheworldofMidwestemAmericaduringthattransitionalperiod．Withregardtotheformofthework，thenovelisabundantwithallsortsofcarnival83 万方数据M．A．ThesisConclusiongrotesquefigures，suchasclowns，foolsandmadwomen，andthetypicalcarnivalritualsofcrowninganddecrowning．Inthework，Andersonevokesadepressedlandscapeinwhichthelostsoulswanderabout．Theyarenotcomelyinappearance，eventosomeextentphysicallydistorted，andmoreoveremotionallydeformed．Apartfromtheirmalformedphysicalappearance，theirpsychologicalconditionisclosetotheextremestatesofbeingnarrow,intenseandclaustrophobic．Inaword，theyareattheedgeofthelittlecommunityinwhichtheylive．Underthemaskoftheireccentricappearance，weirdbehaviorandbillingsgatelanguagetherehidessomeindefinablehunger,thedesireforloveandthirstforcommunication，deepbeneaththeirheart．Besidesthecharacterstaintedwithcarnivalcolor,thethingshappenedinthetowncanalsobeinterpretedinthecarnivalperspective--thecarnivalritualsofcrowninganddecrowning．Inthisthesis，theritualsofcrowninganddecrowningismainlydemonstratedthroughthechangesandshiftsofthreetypicalfigures：WingBiddlebaum，whoiswrongedasapedophile；ElizabethWillard，whoisatfirstdeemedasaninsanemotherbutlatergainsthespiritualcommunionwithhersonafterherdeath；andGeorgeWillard，whohasgrowntobeamaturepromisingartistfullofdream．Throu曲thedepictionoftheupsanddownsofthesecharacters，SherwoodAndersonactuallygivesUSaperception，whichechoesthecarnivalsenseoftheworldofviewinglife：inourlife，nothingiSabsoluteandeternal．Asforthespiritualaspectofthenovel，readersCanalsofindtheexpressionofthesubversiveandrenewalidea，whicharecore 万方数据M．A．ThesisConclusioncharacteristicsofthecarnivalspirit，throughthetownsmen’Sstruggleagainsttheunfavorableeffectstheindustrialismbroughttothem．Andintheirconstantsoundlessprotest，theyfinallyfindthemselvesabrandnewway—toliberatethemselvesfromthedogmaticnormsandsocialorder．Tosumup，throughtheanalysisofthecarnivalfeaturesburiedinWinesburg,Ohio，thethesisprovidesthereaderwitharelativelynewmethodtoapproachthenovel．Thetownsmenliveinthesmallisolatedtown，whichresembleswithacarnivalsquare，leadingallabnormalliferepresentativeofallsortsoflifeinAmericaduringthattransitionalperiod．Throughtheirabnormalresponse，suchassubduedpathos，communicativeinability,self-alienationandsocialhatred，tothecoldandruthlessworld，theyshowtheircarnivalsenseoftheworld——．tosubverttheconventionalnormandoppressiveorder,andtoreconstructanewstandardaccordingtotheirowndemand，Therefore，itcanbeconcludedthatthenovelisnotcompletelyserious，somberordarkbutembodiesthecarnivalspiritfromvariousaspects．Thenovel，withitsamplecarnivalfeatures，callberegardedasacarnivalizedwork．85 万方数据M．A．ThesisNotes1．Thisquotationisquotedfromthe“introduction'’writtenbyIrvingHoweinthefollowingbook：SherwoodAnderson，Winesburg,Ohio，(NewYork：SignetClassics，2005)，P．X．2．Therearemanytruthsdepictedinthebook，suchasthetruthofwealthandofpoverty，ofcarelessnessandabandon，ofthriftandofprofligacy．In“TheBookoftheGrotesque”，thenarrator，whoisbelievedtobetheincamationofAnderson，holdsthatitiSthetruthsthatmadethepeoplegrotesques．3．ThenotionofhomosexualpanicispreliminarilydevelopedbyEveKosofskySedgwickinherbookBtweenMen：EnglishLiteratureandMaleHomosocialDesire(NewYork：ColumbiaUniversityPress，1985)，andshefurtherdevelopeditinhermorerecentwork，especially‘‘TheBeastintheCloset：JamesandtheWritingofHomosexualPanic’’inSex,Politics，andScienceintheNineteenth—CenturyNoveled．RuthBernardYeazell(Baltimore：JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress，1986)．4．ThistermisanessentialpartofBakhtin’Spoeticsofcamivalization．AccordingtoBakhtin，“carnivalabsolutizesnothingbutratherproclaimsthejoyfulrelativityofeverything”(Bakhtin1984：125)．Itexpressestheinevitablenatureofthings，thatistosay，thechangingandshiftingofthingsisinevitable．Allstructureandorder，allauthorityandpositionsaretoobeythislawofdevelopment．86 万方数据M．A．ThesisNores5．ThisisatermquotedfromMikhailBakhtin’SProblemsofDostoevsky台Poetics(Manchester：ManchesterUniversityPress，1984)inhisexplainingthebasiccharacteristicsofMenippeansatire，adialogicgenrewhoserootsreachdirectlybackintocarnivalizedfolklore．Itisarepresentationoftheunusual，abnormalmoralandpsychicstatesofman——insanityofallsorts，splitpersonality,unrestraineddaydreaming，unusualdreams，passionsborderingonmadness，suicides，andSOforth．Thesephenomenadonotfunctionnarrowlyinthemenippeaasmerethemes，buthaveaformalgenericsignificance．Dreams，daydreams，insanitydestroytheepicandtragicwholenessofapersonandhisfate．6．Itisadialogicgenrewhoserootsreachdirectlybackintocamivalizedfolklore．ThegenretookitsnamefromthephilosopherMenippusofGadarawhofashioneditintoitsclassicalform．MenippeansatireexercisedaverygreatinfluenceonoldChristianliteratureandonByzantineliterature．Indiversevariantsandunderdiversegenericlabels，italsocontinueditsdevelopmentintothepost-classicalepochs：intotheMiddleAges，theRenaissanceandReformation，andmodemtimes；infactitcontinuestodevelopevennow．Menippeansatirebecameoneofthemaincarriersandchannelsforthecarnivalsenseoftheworldinliterature，andremainsSOtothepresentday．AsearlyastheRenaissance，afestivecourtmasqueradeculturebeginstodevelop，havingabsorbedintoitselfawholeseriesofcarnivalisticformsandsymbols(mostlyofanexternallydecorativesort)．Latertherebeginstodevelopabroaderlineoffestivitiesandentertainments87 万方数据M．A．ThesisNotes(nolongerlimitedtothecourt)whichwemightcallthemasqueradelineofdevelopment；itpreservedinitselfabitofthelicenseandsomefaintreflectionsofthecarnivalsenseoftheworld．Manycarnivalformswerecompletelycutofffromtheirfolkbaseandleftthepublicsquaretoenterthischambermasqueradeline，whichexistseventoday．8．InBakhtin’SworkProblemsofDostoevsky台Poetics，(Manchester：ManchesterUniversityPress，1984)，wecanfindthattherearemuchconnectionbetweencarnivalritualsandMiddleAgesfestivals，whichcreateforthemacomic，universalatmosphere．EssentiallyeverychurchholidayintheMiddleAgeshaditscamivalisticside．Manynationalfestive，suchasthebullfight，forexample，wereofaclearlyexpressedcamivalisticcharacter．Acarnivalatmospherereignedduringthedaysofafair，onthefestivaloftheharvestingofgrapes，ontheperformancedaysofmiracleplays，mysteryplays；theentiretheatricallifeoftheMiddleAgeswascarnivalistic．9．AboutthebiographymatterofSherwoodAnderson，itissimpleenough．AndersonwasbornataplacecalledCamden，Ohio，September13，1876．HehadspentmostofhisyouthinthevillageofClyde，Ohio．HecametoChicagoateighteenandbecameacommonlaboreruntilSpanishWarbrokeout，thenhewenttojointhearmy．Hehadbeenanadvertiser，abusinessmanandatlastawriter．Hestartedtowriteforthesakeofthesalvationofhissoul．TheabovebiographicalinformationaboutAndersoncanbefoundintherecordofhisinterview，whichwascollectedinthefollowingbook：SherwoodAnderson：SelectedLetters，ed．CharlesE．Modlin(Knoxville：UniversityofTennesseePress，1984)．88 万方数据M．A．ThesisBibliography[1]Adams，Hazard，ed．CriticalTheorySincePlato[M]．NewYork：HarcourtBraceJovanovich，1971．【2]Anderson，Sherwood．Winesburg,Ohio【M】．NewYork：SignetClassics，2005．[3]Atlas，MarilynJudith．“SherwoodAndersonandtheWomenofWinesburg”[A]．CriticalEssaysonSherwoodAnderson[C]．Ed．DavidAnderson．Boston：G．K．Hall，1981．[4]Bakhtin，Mikhail．RabelaisandHisWorm[M]．Bloomington：IndianaUniversityPress，1984．[5】---．ProblemsofDostoevsky§Poe打cs[M]．Manchester：ManchesterUniversityPress，1984．[6]---．TowardaPhilosophyoftheAct[M]．Austin：UniversityofTexasPress，1981．[7]Bloom，Harold．PoetryandRepression：RevisionismfromBlaketoStevens[M]．NewHaven：YaleUniversityPress，1976．[8】BookegM．Keith．TechniquesofSubversioninModernLiterature：Transgression，AbjectionandtheCarnivalesque【M】．Florida：TheUniversityofFloridaPress，1991．[9]Bunge，Nancy．“WomeninSherwoodAnderson’SFiction'’[A]．CriticalEssaysonSherwoodAnderson[C】．Ed．DavidAnderson．Boston：G．K．Hall，1981．[10]Burbank，Rex．SherwoodAnderson[M】．NewYork：Twayne，1964．Rq 万方数据M．A．ThesisBibliography[11]Cohen，Abner．MasqueradePolitics[M]．Berkeley：UniversityofCaliforniaPress，1993．[12】Cowley,Malcolm．“Anderson’SLostDaysofInnocence”[A】．％gAchievementofSherwoodAnderson【C】．Ed．RayLewisWhite．ChapelHill：TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress，1966．[13】．一．“IntroductiontoWinesburg,Ohid’[A】．Winesburg,Ohio[M]．Ed．MalcolmCrowley．NewYork：TheVikingPress，1960．[14]Crane，Hart．“ReviewofWinesburg，Ohio”[A]．SherwoodAnderson：Dimensionsof溉LiteraryArt[C]．Lansing：MichiganStateUniversityPress，1976．[15】Crowley,JohnWilliam，ed．NewEssaysonWinesburg,Ohio[C】．Pel【ingUniversityPress，2007．[16】Cudey，DorothyNyren，ed．ModernAmericanLiterature[M]．NewYork：FrederickUngarPublishingCo．，1969．[17】Curry,MarthaMulroy,ed．砀P“Writer3Book”bySherwoodAnderson：ACriticalEdition[M】．NewJersey：ScarecrowPress，1975．[18】Dunne，Robert．ANewBookoftheGrotesques[M】．Kent，Ohio：KentStateUniversityPress，2005．[19】Erich，Auerbach．Mimesis：TheRepresentationofReality觑WesternLiterature[M】．Princeton：PrincetonUniversityPress，1974．[20】Ferres，JohnH．，ed．V阮nesburg,Ohio：TextandCrtiticism[C】．NewYork：VikingPress，1966．【21]Frazer,JamesGeorge．砀eGoldenBough【M】．London：Macmillan，1929．[22]Fussell，Edwin．Winesburg,Ohio：ArtandIsolation[J]．Modernqn 万方数据M．A．ThesisBibliographyFictionStudies，1960(6)：108-11．[23]Howe，Irving．SherwoodAnderson：ABiographicalandCriticalStudy[M]．Calif．"StanfordUniversityPress，1951．【24】Jacobson，Marcia．“Winesburg，OhioandtheAutobiographicalMoment'’[A]．NewEssaysonWinesburg,Ohio[C】．Ed．JohnW．Crowley．Peking：PekingUniversityPress，2007：53—71．【25]Jones，Llewellyn．“TheUnroofingofWinesburg：TalesofLifeThatSeemOverheardRatherThanWritten”[A]．TheMerrillStudiesinWinesburg,Ohio[C]．Ed．RayLewisWhite．Columbus：Merrill，1971．[26]Knowles，Ronald．ShakespeareandCarnivalafterBakhtin[M]．London：MacmillanPressLtd，1998．[27】Lauter,Paul，ed．TheoriesofComedy[M】．NewYork：Doubleday,1964．[28]LiuDanying．“ACriticalStudyonSherwoodAnderson’SThreeMajorWorks”[A]．Shanghai：ShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,1989．[29】Lodge，David．AfterBakhtin：EssaysonFictionandCriticism[M】．London：Routledge，1990．[30】McElroy,Bernard．FictionoftheModernGrotesque[M】．London：Macmillan，1989．[31】Meindl，Dieter．AmericanFictionandtheMetaphysicsoftheGrotesque[M]．Missouri：UniversityofMissouriPress，1996．[32】Modlin，Charles，ed．SherwoodAnderson：SelectedLetters【M]．Knoxville：UniversityofTennesseePress，1984．【33]Morris，Ann．CliffsNotesonAnderson§Winesburg,Ohio[M]．q1 万方数据M．A．ThesisBibliographyLincoln：CliffsNotesInc，1974．[34】Ning，Yizhong．CarnivalizationandJosephConrad'sFictional腑，．肘[M]．Beijing：BeijingLanguageandCultureUniversityPress，2005．[35】Papinchak，Robert．SherwoodAnderson：AStudyoftheShortFiction【M]．NewYork：Macmillan，1992．[36】Perkins，GeorgeandBarbaraPerkins．刀leAmericanTraditioninLiterature[M】．Boston：McGraw-hill，2007．【37]Pickering，Samuel．Winesburg，Ohio：APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan[J]．SouthernQuarterly，1977(16)：27-38．[38]Redeout，Walter,“TheSimplicityofWinesburg,Ohh9”[A]．CriticalEssaysonSherwoodAndersonIf]．Ed．DavidAnderson．Boston：G．K．Hall，1981．【39】Rigsbee，SallyAdair．TheFeminineinWinesburg,Ohio【J]．StudiesinAmericanFiction，1981(9)：233—44．【40]Rovit，EarlandArthurWaldhom．HemingwayandFaulknerinTheirTime[M】，NewYork：TheContinuumInternationalPublishingGroupInc，2005．【41】Simolke，Duane．NewReadingsofWinesburg,Ohio【M】．NewYork：toExcel，1999．[42]Stouck，David．Winesburg，OhioandtheFailureofArt[J]．TwentiethCenturyLiterature，1969(41)：1-18．[43]Sutton，William．砀已RoadtoWinesburg：AMosaicoftheImaginativeLifeofSherwoodAnderson【M】．Boston：G．K．Hall，1994．[44]---．Winesburg,OhioasaDanceofDeath[J】．AmericanLiterature，0’ 万方数据M．A．ThesisBibliography1977(48)：525-42．【45]Veblen，Thorstein．TheInstinctofWorkmanship：AndtheStateoftheIndustrialArts[M】．NewYork：Huebsch，1914．[46】White，Ray．SherwoodAndersoniMemoirs[M】．ChapelHill：UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress，1969．[47】----．Winesburg,Ohio：AnExploration【M】．Boston：HoughtonMifflin，1987．[48】Williams，Kenny．AStorytellerandaCity：SherwoodAnderson'sCh配ago[M]．Dekalb：NorthemIllinoisUniversityPress，1988．[49】Winner,Anthony．CultureandIrony[M】．Charlottesvill：TheUniversityPressofVirginia，1988．[50】ZhangQiang．PouringaLifetimeintoaMomentjSherwoodAndersonandHisArtofShortFic打on[M]．Wuhan：HuazhongNormalUniversityPress，2005．[51]ZhuGang．TwentiethCenturyWesternCriticalTheories[M]．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEductionPress，2001．[52]董爱华，怪诞背后的美——浅析《小镇畸人》中的畸人形象[J]．《作家杂志》，2012年第6期，第53—54页。[53】董衡巽，《美国现代小说家论》[M】．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1988。【54]段建军，《人生存在边缘上：巴赫金边缘思想研究》[M]．北京：人民出版社，2008。[55]何征，对《小城畸人》的女性阅读[J】．《四川外语学院学报》， 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万方数据AcknowledgementsAtthecompletionofmythesis，1wouldliketoexpressmywholeheartedgratitudetoallthosewhohelpedandsupportedmeinvariouswaysduringmythesiswriting．Firstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorLiLing．ThoughsheisfarawayfrommeinAmericaandbusywithherownstudy,shehasgivenmelotsofinspiringencouragement，invaluableadvice，andpatientguidancetothedevelopmentofmythesisthroughemails．Thanksagainforallherpatientandmeticulousinstructionaswellasherkindnessandsteadycareduringthewholeprocessofmygraduatestudies．Then1willalsoextendmysinceregratitudetoProfessorLiuMingjing，whotakeschargeofmystudyaffairandgivesmemuchadviceformythesiswhenmysupervisorisabroad．MysinceregratitudealsogoestoProfessorZhangYuejun，ProfessorLiLansheng，ProfessorWuLingying，ProfessorLiYanbo，ProfessorZhaoPeiling，associateprofessorYinXiaohongandassociateprofessorZengZhuqing．Fromtheirthought-provokinglectures，IhavelearnedalotaboutEnglishcultureandliterature．Besides，IamalsogreatlyindebtedtoProfessorHeYunboandassociateprofessorWuLin，whohelpedmeknowmoreabouttraditionalChinesethoughtsandChineseliterature．Lastbutnotleast，1wouldliketoextendmyheartfeltthankstomyparentsfortheirenduringloveandcontinuoussupport．Theirconsideratecare，consistentencouragementandanxiousanticipationhelpmekeeplearningduringmypostgraduatelife． 万方数据攻读学位期间主要的研究成果目录陈婕，乱世佳人——《倾城之恋》与《飘》中女主人公的对比，《剑南文学》，2013年第342期，第71页。 万方数据中文摘要舍伍德．安德森被视为美国现代文学的创始人之一。直到中年，安德森才开始他的写作生涯。他一生发表了～些小说，短篇故事集以及文学自传。1919年安德森的小说故事集《小镇畸人》出版了。《小镇畸人》是安德森最有名的小说。它奠定了安德森在美国文学上的重要地位，并为他赢得了国际上的声誉。它给美国带来了一种新的创作形式。它被认为是美国最早的现代小说之一。《小镇畸人》写于1915年和1917年之间，并与1919年发表。那个时候，美国目睹了从农业时代到工业时代的过渡时期。随着工业化和城市化的进展，美国对大众文化，机械化产品以及工作和生活之间的统一性更加看重，而放弃了原有的价值观、信仰以及生活方式。既然世界如此混乱，不断变化着，那么必须有一个作为反省的新的方式来阐释它。所以美国文学出现了一个新局面。作家们开始探索苦涩的生活的意义。安德森同样对这个新时代做出了自己的回应。在这个历史转折点，舍伍德·安德森描绘了～幅生动形象的乡村生活图景。这部小说主要讲述的是一群生活在～个孤立的中西部小镇温斯堡镇上的人们的精神危机。整部小说由25个故事构成，每个故事被 万方数据认为是独立的传记。整个小说没有主角，只有一个中心人物——乔治，他连接了这本书中的所有人物。小说中的人物被刻画成一群精神扭曲、行为古怪的畸形人。他们想根据自己建立的“真理”生存，并将它作为自己的道德原则。他们坚持自己的“真理”，而这些“真理”又与这个转型时期是不相容的。终于，这些原本正常的居民，由于无法适应这些改变，最终退化成他人眼中的“畸人”。于是，他们过着沮丧的、绝望的、孤独的生活并完全与外在世界所隔离。因此《小镇畸人》表达了对夺走人们之间和谐的关系的工业主义的批判和对农业时代的自由生活的美好回忆。这部小说不仅在形式上，而且在其深刻的思想上以及它的世界观上充满了狂欢化色彩。就作品的形式而言，小说中充满了古怪的畸形人物以及象征性的狂欢化仪式。而小说所蕴含的深刻含义则是狂欢化颠覆和更新精神。这篇论文试图通过阐释作品中的滑稽的畸形人物，包括他们奇怪的外表，怪异的行为以及象征着狂欢化加冕、脱冕仪式的变幻无常的生活来揭示他们不同于官方生活的异常生活。因此这部小说指导人们对生活采取一种新的视角，打破传统观念和规则的束缚，珍视自由和平等的价值。该论文的理论基础是米哈伊尔．巴赫金的狂欢化理论。该论文的研究方法是文本细读。狂欢化理论是由著名的俄国批评家米哈伊 万方数据尔．巴赫金在他对拉伯雷和陀思妥耶夫斯基研究的过程中提出的。当我们进一步探讨该理论前，我们首先理解在他的作品中频繁出现的三个相关的关键术语一“狂欢节～‘狂欢化世界感受”以及“狂欢化”。狂欢节的起源是中世纪1000年到1300年。14世纪后它在欧洲快速发展。17世纪到18世纪它逐渐衰败。随着历史的发展，在中世纪以及接下来的几个世纪里，狂欢节这个词的使用无论在形式还是内容上都得到了很大的发展。巴赫金认为狂欢节包括各种形式的节日、仪式以及形式。在这些节日、仪式以及形式中，那些将我们束缚于风俗、宗教以及道德规范的法律、约束以及限制被延迟了。至于狂欢化世界感受，我们可以从巴赫金的作品中总结出他的观点。狂欢化世界感受是关于自由与平等的观点，包括四个特点：(1)人们自由而熟悉的交往；(2)古怪；(3)狂欢化差异；(4)亵渎。狂欢化是关于狂欢节对文学甚至文学体裁的主导性影响。它是将狂欢节转化成文学语言。狂欢节形成了一套关于这些象征形式的语言。尽管不能被翻译成语言，但它能够被转化成文学中的语言。论文的三个研究问题是：狂欢化特征是如何在温斯堡小镇的狂欢化大众中体现的?读者是如何解读小说中象征性的狂欢化加冕、脱冕仪式的?狂欢化精神是怎样在小说中表达的? 万方数据许多国外学者从不同角度来研究这部小说。其中大多数研究者主要关注该部短篇小说的主题、人物以及写作技巧。从小说的主题来看，一些学者认为《小镇畸人》是一部关于安德森的小镇情结的小说。同样，当从转型时期这个角度考虑时，研究者们将注意力投向这部作品与当时的社会工业化之间的联系，并把所产生的问题归咎于美国工业化发展。他们认为《小镇畸人》从总体上介绍了在那个特殊时期的人们的生活现状，而温斯堡镇则代表了美国当时的中西部小镇。其他的关于主题方面的阐释，如孤独与隔离也同样在很长的一段时间内被讨论着。至于《小镇畸人》里的人物，乔治·威拉德通常被认为是小说的主要人物。一些批评家，例如EdwinFussel和CarolBaker，将这部小说看成是成长小说。小说里的畸人同样也是一个被讨论很多的话题。对MalcolmCowley来说，每个畸人都由于无法表达自己而精神扭曲。这些畸人其实都很可爱的，但是他们被他们所奉行的“真理”所误导了。RobertDunne同样致力于研究小说中的畸人，他的著作ANew肋础D，theGTotesque从后现代主义角度来研究《小镇畸人》。女性主义批评家则把注意力集中在小说中的女性角色上。安德森的非凡的写作技巧引起了批评界的轰动。一些批评家从心理学分析角度来阐释它。并且由于安德森对人类现状的深刻反思以及对人类心理细腻的描述，他们将他视 万方数据为“美国的弗洛伊德"。“顿悟”手法是另一个打在《小镇畸人》上的标签。在《小镇畸人》中，安德森原创性地使用了这种写作手法。《小镇畸人》中，安德森在描写畸人们的生活时，总是会引导这些人在某个时刻产生顿悟。《小镇畸人》的简洁性同样非常出众的。HartCrane认为安德森小说中的人文主义和简洁性都非常深刻并且有启示意义。表现主义也是研究《小镇畸人》的一个永恒的话题。JohnCrowley的著作《<小镇畸人>新论》主要从表现主义角度来分析《小镇畸人》。DavidStouck同样从表现主义方面来阐释《小镇畸人》。《小镇畸人》在上个世纪中期被中国知名作家和翻译家吴岩翻泽成中文。谈到国内对它的研究，中国学者张强在这一方面做出了突出贡献。他注释的《小镇畸人详注本》给许多喜欢这部小说而又不能完全理解它的中国学生提供了很大的便利。他的另一本著作《浓缩人生的一瞬间：舍伍德·安德森及其短篇小说艺术》将舍伍德的短篇小说的写作艺术呈现给读者。杜平同样在他的文章中讨论了《小镇畸人》的艺术特色。他认为《小镇畸人》是思想和艺术的完美结合。国内对《小镇畸人》的研究主要集中在安德森的写作技巧上，其中女性主义以及表现主义最为关注。同样，也有学者从表现主义、文化以及现代主义角度讨论这部作品。 万方数据在第一章，本文作者首先指出“古怪”的定义以及它与狂欢节的紧密关系。在文学领域，“古怪"与荒诞和异常紧密相关。巴赫金认为狂欢节与“古怪"联系密切。“古怪”往往暗示身体的畸形，为漫画式的描写或者讽刺服务。因此，本文作者试图分析小说中的狂欢化畸人形象。在安德森笔下，小说人物被描写得很夸张，并且被作者给予极度的否定。但是这些人物并不是完全被否定的，因为他们的异常的举止打破了等级制度和道德规范，创造了一种自由解放的氛围。在《小镇畸人》中，通过对这群异化的、古怪的、隔离的畸人的描写，作者应和了欢闹的却蕴含颠覆精神的狂欢节。在第一节，本文作者列举了三个典型的畸人形象——比德尔鲍姆、医生里菲以及艾莉丝。在第二节，本文作者分析了小说中的三对成对形象：天真的路易斯和世故的蓓尔、忠诚的沃许和他的放荡的妻子以及成稳的雷和任性的黑尔。“成对形象”这个概念可以从两方面来理解。首先，他们是用来阐释狂欢化形象本身的双重性。其次，作为一个概念，他们可以用来指代两个成对的狂欢化形象。第二章主要讨论小说中的狂欢化仪式。巴赫金认为狂欢节的节庆仪式是由丰富多彩的民间诙谐因素组成的，诙谐和狂欢是相辅相成，二者不可分割。节庆性，这是中世纪一切诙谐的仪式——演出形式的本质特点。巴赫金明确指出，在中世纪，诙谐被确认属于节 万方数据日，诙谐主要是节日的诙谐。换而言之，没有诙谐因素存在，狂欢节的笑声就会变得空虚而枯燥，没有狂欢节，诙谐的存在空间就会变得很狭小。总之，狂欢节包含了丰富的诙谐因素。狂欢节让人们透过缝隙，窥探到未来的自由平等的生活理想，使人们的创造力、生命力解放出来，从而嘲弄那些束缚创造力的僵死的陈规陋习、传统观念，体现了全面发展、自由本质的人文主义理想。巴赫金实际上是想挖掘出民问幽默文化的喜剧性本质。他终于在文学作品中找到了欢乐的音调。本文作者从三个方面分析比德尔鲍姆的脱冕，首先对比了他之前作为老师的幸福生活以及现在悲惨的生活，其次分析了他被驱逐出自己家乡时欢乐、吵闹的场景，最后分析了他名字变化的意义。至于伊丽莎白的脱冕，她从一个外向、高傲并且纵情享乐的年轻女子降格成一个沉默少语、阴暗忧郁并有些许神经异常的老女人。她的脱冕是由于她女生时代的梦想的落空以及她对于她深爱的儿子的过高的期盼。她的加冕可以从以下两个方面来阐释。医生里菲将伊丽莎白从一个沮丧的梦想者升格到一个充满激情的女人。她的狂欢化死亡将她从一个神经质的母亲升格到一个神圣的永恒的女神。在《小镇畸人》中，乔治注定会实现他的加冕。本文作者分析了他加冕的起因和结果。首先，乔治在写作上的巨大潜力暗示了他将被加冕成一位艺术家。他与小镇中的畸人们形成了巨大的 万方数据差别，因此也被认为是小镇上唯一正常的人物，受到了人们的尊重。他最终的离别使他加冕成一位真正的艺术家，这位艺术家有着足够的勇气踏上这次旅途来追寻他的梦想。第三章讨论《小镇畸人》中隐含的狂欢化精神。在这部作品中，通过对畸人形象的夸张描写，颠覆精神得到很好的体现。尽管很多人物被刻画成一群失声的人物，通过无声的抗议，例如他们古怪的外表、疯狂的举止、粗俗的语言以及嘲讽的笑声，他们表达了对社会的反抗。安德森利用畸人们对世界的不同寻常的观察和认识，打破了权威的严肃性，并赋予世界更多的A由。在该章，本文作者首先主要探讨了小说对工业主义、传统道德以及宗教信仰的颠覆。至于小说的更新精神，安德森根据自己的道德立场重建了关于性和宗教的道德标准。安德森反对传统道德规范和社会秩序，强调了对身体乃至精神解放和自由的追求的重要性。在他的描写下，小说人物设定了一系列服从于他们自己的规则和秩序。他们遵从自己的天性，使自己从社会约束中释放出来，获得了解放和自由。这对他们来说就是一种新的生活。在之前的几章中，本文作者在巴赫金的狂欢化理论的引导下分析了《小镇畸人》的各个方面。西方的狂欢化传统经历了从中世纪到现代的一个漫长的发展过程。作为一个拥有自由解放精神的，写 万方数据过许多关于美国现实主义讽刺批评的作家，安德森在一定程度上具有狂欢化精神。他在中年时代，经历了一个从商人到叛逆的作家的巨大转变，而这个转变也象征了他的一个精神上的新生。他充满了自由以及叛逆的精神，尽情地写作，同时在写作的过程中表达了他对美国中西部小镇的爱。通过描写了美国中西部小镇这片荒原，安德森表达了他对工业主义的反抗以及对农业时代的落寞的怀念。基于这点，小说充满了狂欢化色彩。对这部小说的分析表明《小镇畸人》不仅在形式上，而且在意义上充满了狂欢化色彩。就形式而言，该作品包含各种各样的狂欢化畸人，例如小丑、傻子和疯女人。作品中也含有狂欢化加冕、脱冕仪式。在这部小说中，安德森展现了一副萧条的荒原景象。在这个荒原中，这群孤独的畸人四处游荡。他们外表并不好看，甚至有点畸形，甚至精神也有点扭曲。除了他们畸形的外表，他们的心理状态也接近于狭隘的、紧张的、患幽闭恐怖的极端情况。总之，他们处于温斯堡小镇这个社群的边缘。在他们奇怪的外表，怪异的举止以及粗俗的话语的面具之下，他们内心隐藏着对爱和交流难以名状的渴望。除了小说中的人物具有狂欢化色彩外，小镇上发生的事情也能够从狂欢化角度来解读，那就是狂欢化加冕、脱冕仪式。本文作者 万方数据主要从三个典型人物跌宕起伏的生活来解析中蕴含的加冕、脱冕仪式的。比德尔鲍姆被冤枉成一个同性恋患者。伊丽莎白首先被认为是一位有点神经质的母亲，但却在死后实现了与儿子精神上的交流。乔治逐渐成长为一位成熟的、有潜力的、有梦想的艺术家。通过对这些人物的起起伏伏的生活的描写，安德森事实上给予了读者一个新的视角去看待这个世界。这个视角应和了狂欢化世界感受，那就是在我们的生活中，没有任何事是绝对和永恒的。至于小说的精神层面，通过小镇人民对工业革命带给他们的不利影响的反抗，读者能从中找到一些关颠覆和更新思想。这些颠覆和更新思想是狂欢化精神的核心。在他们不断的、无声的反抗中，,fA,ffJ最终寻找到一条崭新的路，那就是将他们自己从教条的规范和社会秩序中解放出来。总之，通过对小说中隐藏的狂欢化特征的分析，这篇论文给读者提供了一个新的方法来解读这部作品。小镇人民生活在一个孤立的、类似于狂欢化广场的小镇上，过着不同于常人的生活，代表着在那个社会转型时期的美国中西部小镇各种各样的生活。通过他们对这个冷漠无情的世界的异常反应，如他们压抑的痛苦、交流障碍、自我隔离以及社会仇恨，他们表现出了他们的狂欢化世界感受，那就是颠覆传统的规范和压迫的制度，并重建一个根据他们自 万方数据身需求而制定的新标准。因此，这部小说并不是完全的严肃、忧郁、阴暗，相反它在各个方面体现了狂欢化精神。这部作品充满了狂欢化特征，被视为一部狂欢化小说。
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