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1、ERNESTRICHARDHUGHES,borninLondon,5thJanuary1883.M.A.,Oxon.MissionaryintheinteriorofChina,1911-29.InShanghai,1929–31.ReaderinChineseReligionandPhilosophyinOxfordUniversity,1934-41;secondedtoChungking,1942.BooksincludeTheinvasionofChinabytheWesternWorld,1937.CHINESEPHILOSOPHYI
2、NCLASSICALTIMESEditedandTranslatedbyE.A.HUGHESLONDON:J.M.DENT&SONSLTD.NEWYORK:E.P.DUTTON&CO.INC.Firstpublished1942Lastreprinted1944Chapter1.ExcursionsintoFreedom.IntheNorthernOceanthereisafish,itsnametheKun[Leviathan],itssizeIknownothowmanyli.1Bymetamorphosisitbecomesabirdca
3、lledtheP’eng[‘Roc’],withabackIknownothowmanyliinextent.Whenitrousesitselfand.flies,itswingsdarkentheskylikeclouds.WiththeseainmotionthisbirdtransportsitselftotheSouthernOcean,theLakeofHeaven.InthewordsofCh’iHsieh,arecorderofmarvels,‘WhentheP’engtransportsitselftotheSouthernO
4、cean,itthrashesthewaterforthreethousandli,andmountsinawhirlwindtotheheightofninetythousandli,andfliescontinuouslyforsixmonthsbeforeitcomestorest.’Amoteinasunbeam(thatinonesenseisallthatthis1Li–theChinesemile,roughlyathirdoftheEnglishmile.165166TAOEXPERTSvastRocis):flyingdust
5、whichlivingcreaturesbreathe-inandout!Andthatbluenessofthesky!Isitanactualcolour,orisitthemeasurelessdepthoftheheavenswhichwegazeatfrombelowandseeas‘blue,’justlikethatandnothingmore?Againtakewater,withoutthedenseaccumulationofwhichthereisnopowerforthefloatingofagreatship.And(
6、thinkof)acupofwaterupsetinacornerofthehall.Atinymustardseedbecomesaship(afloat),butthecupwhichheldthewaterwillremainagroundbecauseoftheshallownessofthewaterandthesizeofthecupasaship.Sowiththeaccumulationofwind,withoutsufficientdensity1ithasnopowertofloathugewings.Thusitistha
7、ttheP’enghastoriseninetythousandliandcutoffthewindbeneathif.Thenandnotbefore,thebird,borneupbythedown-pressedwind,floatsintheazureheavenswithsecuresupport.Thenandnotbefore,itcanstartonitsjourneysouth.AcicadaandayoungdovegiggledtogetherovertheP’eng.Thecicadasaid,‘Whenweexerto
8、urselvestoflyupontothetallelms,wesometimesfailtogetthereandarepulledbacktot
