Beyond the Four Theories of the Press.pdf

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1、MASSCOMMUNICATION&SOCIETY,2002,5(1),41–56BeyondtheFourTheoriesofthePress:ANewModelofNationalMediaSystemsJenniferOstiniSydney,AustraliaAnthonyY.H.FungSchoolofJournalismandCommunicationTheChineseUniversityofHongKongWorkoncategorizationofnationalpresssystemsinthelast40yearshasbeengroundedinthewe

2、ll-knownFourTheoriesofthePress.Whereasthisapproachhasbeenstronglycriticizedbyinternationalscholarsforitsidealismanditspovertyofempiricism,itisstillwidelytaughtinintroductoryjournalismcoursesacrossthecountry,andfewtheoristshaveengagedingroundingthetheorywithdatainin-ternationalsettings.Althoug

3、hjournalismiscontextualizedandconstrainedbypressstructureandstatepolicies,itisalsoarelativelyautonomousculturalpro-ductionofjournalistsnegotiatingbetweentheirprofessionalismandstatecontrol.Thisarticlethusproposesanewmodelincorporatingtheautonomyofindividualjournalisticpracticesintopoliticalan

4、dsocialstructuralfactors—theinteractionofwhichmightcurrentlymoreaccuratelyrepresentpresspracticesinthenewin-ternationalorder.Withanunderstandingofthebackgroundofthejournalisticpracticesandstatepoliciesof4countries/cities,themultinationalmediacoverageofaspecificeventisexplicatedinthelightofthen

5、ewmodel.Thisnewmodelexplainsthejournalisticvariationsthatcannotbeclearlyrevealedusingastate-policypressmodelalone.Theworldorderhaschangedgreatlyinthelastdecade.Aspeoplecelebratethefallofcommunismandthehopeofanewmillennium,itseemsthatfewhaveponderedhowwecanreinterpretoursocial,media,andinforma

6、tionordersRequestsforreprintsshouldbesenttoAnthonyY.H.Fung,SchoolofJournalismandCommunica-tion,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,NT,HongKong.E-mail:anthonyfung@cuhk.edu.hk42OSTINIANDFUNGusingnewtheoriesandframeworks.Manyoftheoldframeworks—includingthoseofthemediasuchastheFourTheoriesofthe

7、Press(FourTheories)—areobsoleteandinapplicableforcontemporaryanalysis.Theneworderhasalreadyannulledtheirexplanatorypower.Weneednewideastoaccountforthedevel-opmentofourinternationalizedanddiverseformsofmedia.Suchtheoreticalmodelsmustgobeyondth