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1、MariusGrundmannThePhysicsofSemiconductorsMariusGrundmannThePhysicsofSemiconductorsAnIntroductionIncludingDevicesandNanophysicsWith587Figures,6inColor,and36Tables123MariusGrundmannInstitutfürExperimentellePhysikIIUniversitätLeipzigLinnéstraße504103Leipzige-mail:grundmann@p
2、hysik.uni-leipzig.deLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006923434ISBN-103-540-25370-XSpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN-13978-3-540-25370-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specifical
3、lytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentver
4、sion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.com©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006PrintedinGermanyTheuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednam
5、es,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:Protago-TEX-ProductionGmbH,BerlinProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leip
6、zigCoverdesign:eStudioCalamarS.L.,F.Steinen-Broo,Pau/Girona,SpainPrintedonacid-freepaper57/3100/YL543210ToMichelle,SophiaCharlotteandIsabellaRosePrefaceSemiconductordevicesarenowadayscommonplaceineveryhousehold.Inthelate1940stheinventionofthetransistorwasthestartofarapidd
7、evelopmenttowardseverfasterandsmallerelectroniccomponents.Complexsystemsarebuiltwiththesecomponents.Themaindriverofthisdevelopmentwastheeconomicalbenefitfrompackingmoreandmorewiring,transistorsandfunc-tionalityonasinglechip.Noweveryhumanisleftwithabout100milliontransistors
8、(onaverage).Semiconductordeviceshavealsoenabledeconomi-callyreasonablefiber-basedopticalcommunica