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1、TheoreticalIntroductiontoProgrammingBruceMillsTheoreticalIntroductiontoProgrammingWith29FiguresBruceMills,BEng,BSc,PhDBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005
2、926335ISBN-10:1-84628-021-4Printedonacid-freepaperISBN-13:978-1-84628-021-4©Springer-VerlagLondonLimited2006Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublic
3、ationmayonlybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionou
4、tsidethosetermsshouldbesenttothepublishers.Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantlawsandregula-tionsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Thepublishermakesno
5、representation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica(SPI/SBA)987654321SpringerScience+BusinessMedi
6、aspringeronline.comvPrefaceThisbookisorganisedintoalargenumberofbrief,self-containedentries.Admittedly,thereisnosuchthingasaself-containedentry.Forexam-ple,youneedsomeknowledgeofEnglishtounderstandthisparagraph.But,theprincipleisthateachentry,ofoneortwop
7、ages,isaconceptualwholeaswellasapartofagreaterwhole(seenote20)inthesamewaythatacarhasfourwholewheels,andnoteighthalfwheels.Someentriesareintendedtodemonstrateatechnique,orintroduceanhistoricallycontingentfactsuchastheactualsyntaxofacontemporarylanguage,o
8、rinthiscase,aspecificissueregardingthisbook.Othersareintendedtoillustrateamoreeternaltruth.Theymaybeaboutacontemporarylanguage,butstressaphilosophicalpositionorbroadlybasedattitude.BothoftheseIhavecallednotions.Finally,ther
