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1、DisdainingtheMedia:TheAmericanPublic’sChangingAttitudesTowardtheNewsTimothyE.Cook,WilliamsCollegePaulGronke,DukeUniversityJohnRattliff,DukeUniversityJune19,2000PaperpreparedfordeliveryattheannualmeetingoftheInternationalSocietyofPoliticalPsychology,Seattle,Washington,USA,July1-4,20
2、00.Allrightsreserved.IntroductionIntheearly1970s,inthewakeofWatergateandapresidentialimpeachment,oneofthekeyplayersinthatscandal--thenewsmedia--rodehighinpublicesteem.HarrisandNationalOpinionResearchCentersurveysfromthattimeperiodrevealthat“thepeoplerunningthepress”weretrustedandad
3、mired,notfarbelow(ifatall)thosemosttrustedofAmericaninstitutions,themilitaryandtheSupremeCourt,andconsiderablyhigherthanthemoreovertlypoliticalinstitutions:Congressandthepresidency(LipsetandSchneider1987,Table2-1;W.L.Bennett1988,Figure1).Lookingbackonthatdecade,LipsetandSchneider(1
4、987,69)notedatrend“ofincreasingrelativeesteem”forthepress.Notonlywerethenewsmediafavorablyperceived,butsurveyresearchinthe1970sand1980srevealedthattheaggregatelevelofpublicconfidenceinthenewsmediavariedinwayslargelyindependentofpublicconfidenceinotherinstitutions.ToLipsetandSchneid
5、er(1987,65),thismeantthatthepress,alongwithorganizedreligion,were“…’guiding’institutions,outsidethenormalpoliticalandeconomicorder,andtosomeextent‘critics’ofthatorder.”Totheextentthattherewasanyconnection,confidenceinthepressrosewhenconfidenceinotherbranches,especiallytheexecutive,
6、fell,ina“modestbutnoticeablesee-sawrelationship”(LipsetandSchneider1987,55).1EvenafterrestrictionsonpressaccessduringtheUnitedStates’invasionofGrenadain1983seemedtooccasionlittleovertoutrage,publiccriticismofthenewsmediaremainedfairlylimited(Gergen1984;SchneiderandLewis1985;Whitney
7、1985;RobinsonandKohut1988).Citizenswere,tobesure,criticalofthetendenciestheyperceivedforthenewsmediatobeunfair,biased,andpreoccupiedwithbadnews.Nonetheless,thepublicwassatisfiedwiththeoverallperformanceofthenewsoutletswithwhichtheyweremostfamiliar,rarelyprovidedamajorityinfavorofgo
8、vernmentrestrictionsonthem
