Statistics Course in Psychology.pdf

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1、Lesson1IntroductionOutlineStatisticsDescriptiveversusinferentialstatisticsPopulationversusSampleStatisticversusParameterSimpleNotationSummationNotationStatisticsWhatarestatistics?Whatdoyouthingofwhenyouthinkofstatistics?Canyouthinkofsomeexampleswhereyouhaveseenstatisticsused?Youmight

2、thinkaboutwhereintherealworldyouseestatisticsbeingused,orthinkabouthowstatisticsinusedinyourmajor.Statisticsaredividedintotwomainareas:descriptiveandinferentialstatistics.Descriptivestatistics-Thesearenumbersthatareusedtoconsolidatealargeamountofinformation.Anyaverage,forexample,isad

3、escriptivestatistic.So,battingaverages,averagedailyrainfall,oraveragedailytemperaturearegoodexamplesofdescriptivestatistics.Inferentialstatistics-inferentialstatisticsareusedwhenwewanttodrawconclusions.Forexamplewhenwewanttodetermineifsometreatmentisbetterthananother,oriftherearediff

4、erencesinhowtwogroupsperform.Agoodbookdefinitionisusingsamplestodrawinferencesaboutpopulations.Moreonthisoncewedefinesamplesandpopulations.Population-Anysetofpeopleorobjectswithsomethingincommon.Anythingcouldbeapopulation.Wecouldhaveapopulationofcollegestudents.Wemightbeinterestedint

5、hepopulationoftheelderly.Otherexamplesinclude:singleparentfamilies,peoplewithdepression,orburnvictims.Foranythingwemightbeinterestedinstudyingwecoulddefineapopulation.Veryoftenwewouldliketotestsomethingaboutapopulation.Forexample,wemightwanttotestwhetheranewdrugmightbeeffectiveforasp

6、ecificgroup.Itisimpossiblemostofthetimetogiveeveryoneanewtreatmenttodetermineifitworkedornot.Insteadwecommonlygiveittoagroupofpeoplefromthepopulationtoseeifitiseffective.Thissubsetofthepopulationiscalledasample.Whenwemeasuresomethinginapopulationitiscalledaparameter.Whenwemeasuresome

7、thinginasampleitiscalledastatistic.Forexample,ifIgottheaverageageofparentsinsingle-familyhomes,themeasurewouldbecalledaparameter.IfImeasuredtheageofasampleofthesesameindividualsitwouldbecalledastatistic.Thus,apopulationistoaparameterasasampleistoastatistic.Thisdistinctionbetweensampl

8、esandpopulat