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DeliveringPlanningandPerformanceAssessmentToolsforIntegratedUrbanWaterManagementV.G.Mitchell,E.Bui,H.Cleugh,C.Diaper,A.Grant,S.R.Gray,A.Sharma,S.TozeCSIROWaterforaHealthyCountryFlagship,Melbourne3190,AUSTRALIAE-mail:grace.mitchell@csiro.auAbstractAstheindustrymovesfromsegregatedmanagementofwatersupply,stormwaterandwastewaterservicingtointegratedurbanwatermanagement,practitionersrequirenewtoolstoconceiveandimplementnewservicingapproaches.TheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectisdevelopingarangeofsoftwareprograms,databasesandframeworksfordecisionmakingandanalysistoprovidetoolsfortheAustralianwaterindustrytomeetthisneed.TheprojectsitswithintheWaterforaHealthyCountryUrbanWaterscapesprogram.ThispaperpresentsaselectionoftheresearchtasksthathavebeeninitiatedinthefirsteighteenmonthsoftheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceproject,illustratingthediversityofresearchactivitiesbeingundertaken.1.INTRODUCTIONCurrently,largevolumesofwaterareimportedintoandexportedoutofAustralia’surbanareas;onthewhole,thisapproachtotheprovisionofurbanwaterservicesinvolvesexpensiveinfrastructure,andplacesstressonthesurroundingterrestrialandaquaticenvironment.Thisinfrastructureisagingandincreasinglyoverloaded,andthereplacementvalueofthisinfrastructureisintheorderoftensofbillionsofdollars.Duetotheconsiderablenationalexpensethatwouldbeimposedbyreplacingandexpandingthecapacityofthisinfrastructure,whilesimultaneouslyreducingit’senvironmentalimpacts,usingconventionalpractice,alternativeurbanwaterservicingapproachesmustberesearchedandimplemented.Onechallengewefaceinmovingfromcurrentpracticetointegratedurbanwatermanagementisprovidingplannersanddesignerswiththemanytoolstheyrequiretoconceiveandimplementnewwaterservicingapproaches.Tomeetthischallenge,theWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectisdevelopinganumberoftools,whichwilltaketheformofsoftwareprograms,databasesandframeworksfordecision-makingandanalysis.TheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectsitswithintheUrbanWaterscapesprogram(Figure1),whichisoneoffourprogramswithinWaterforaHealthyCountry(www.healthycountry.com.au).WaterSmartClimatePressuresrequiringCitySystemsmitigationwithinchangeurbanlandscapesNon-stationaryconditionsWaterSmartCommunitiesUsingaqueousandsolidSystemsandtechnologiesportionsofurbanwastetobeconsideredImplementabilityoftechnologiesandWealthfromsystemsNewWaterWasteCulturesFigure1:ExamplesofinteractionsbetweenWaterSmartCommunitiesandotherUrbanWaterscapesprojectsWaterforaHealthyCountryisaCSIROflagshipprogramfocusingonincreasingthebenefitsderivedfromwaternationally.GeographicallytheprogramtakesinthewaterdiverseareasoftheGreatBarrierReefandnortherntropicalareas,theMurrayregion,PerthandWesternAustralia’swheatbelttownsandourmajorurbancentres,withthislatergeographicfocusencapsulatedbytheUrbanWaterscapesprogram.TheUrbanWaterscapesprogramisinitiallyfocusingonthemetropolitanareasofAustralia’smajoreastcoastcities–particularlyMelbourneandSydney.ApproachinghalfofAustralian’sdrinkingwaterissuppliedfromtheseareas.Geographically,theurbanareaboundariesextendfromtheoceantotheouterreachesofthewatersupplycatchmentsandfuturegrowthareas. 2.WATERSMARTCOMMUNITIES–PLANNINGANDPERFORMANCEAnimportantfeatureofflagshipsisthemulti-disciplinarynatureoftheresearchteams.InitiallytheteamshavebeendrawnfromawiderangeofdivisionswithinCSIRO,andastheyprogress,theyareformingpartnershipswithotherresearchgroups,especiallyuniversities,andthemanystakeholderswhoareinvolvedinthedeliveryofwaterservicesandoutcomestotheAustraliancommunity.CurrentlytheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceteamcomprisesresearcherswithabroadrangeofskillsincluding:urbanhydrological,waterqualityandwaterbalancemodellingandanalysis,urbanclimateandenergybalancemeasurementandmodelling,urbanecology,hydrogeology(especiallyaquiferstorageandrecoveryandwaterbanking),environmentalmicrobiology,statistics,watertreatmenttechnologydevelopment,waterinfrastructureandsystemplanninganddesign,spatialmodelling(includingGeographicInformationSystems),andsoftwaredevelopment.ThetypesofresearchquestionsthattheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceresearchteamistacklinginclude:•Whichurbanwatersystemsshouldbeimplementedingreenfieldurbandevelopment,infilldevelopment,redevelopmentandretrofittomaximiseenvironmental,socialandeconomicbenefits,consideringsitespecificcharacteristics?•Whatnewwatersupply,stormwaterandwastewatermanagementtechnologiesdowerequiretocreatetheseimprovedurbanwatersystems?Thisincludesensuringsystemreliabilityandtheavoidanceofsystembreakdown.•Howcantheprocessesofurbanstrategicspatialandenvironmentalplanning,urbandevelopment(includingurbanlayoutandform)andwaterserviceprovisionbeintegratedtoimproveenvironmentalandsocialbenefitsofgreenfieldandretrofiturbandevelopment?Theresearchtaskscovertwomainareas:•Innovativeurbanwatersensitivetechnologiesandsystemsforapplicationfromallotmenttoregionalscale•Toolsforsupportingstrategicdecisionmakingandanalysistodeliverecosystemprotection,economicbenefitsandculturalchangeThefirstcomponentaddressestechnologygapsinthewatersupply,stormwaterandwastewatermanagementandalsoplacesthesetechnologieswithinthebroadersystemcontext.Systemconsiderationsaretobetakenintoaccountsuchastheunderlyinggeographiccharacteristicsofaregion,landuseandurbanform,configurationofstructuralelements,andtheuseofnon-structuraltools.Bothtechnologiesandsystemswillbemonitoredtoassesstheirperformanceandefficacy.Thesecondcomponentoftheprojectbuildsonthesetechnologyandsystemsresearchactivitiesandstakeholderexperiencetoproduceplanningandconceptualdesignsoftwaretoolsforthefullspectrumofsystemscales(allotmenttowholeurban)anddevelopmentphases(greenfield,infill,retrofit,renewal).Thispaperpresentsaselectionoftheresearchtasksthathavebeeninitiatedinthefirsteighteenmonthsofthefive-yearlifeoftheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceproject,inordertoillustratethediversityoftheprojectsandfacilitateengagementwithfutureresearchpartnersandstakeholders.Table1mapsoutthescopeofresearchtasksthatareunderwayandthefutureresearchareas. Table1InitiatedandplannedresearchtaskswithintheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceproject(greyshadingindicatedprojecttimeperiod)Task2003-2004-2005-2006-2007-0405060708ContributionstoStage1oftheAustralianWaterConservationandRecyclingResearchProgram(AWCRRP)HouseWaterExpert,capacitybuildinginthewaterindustryandwidercommunityMonitoringtheperformanceofinnovativewaterservicingtechnologiesanddevelopingadatabase(incollaborationwithCRCWQTandUniQld)GreenscapePlanner,developingaspatiallyexpliciturbancatchmentanalysistoolGreywater,fromsourcecontroltoappropriatetreatmentandutilisationAssessmentofsub-surfacestorageopportunitieswithinurbanregionsInvestigationurbanwatersystemscaleandeconomicsrelationshipsDevelopmentplanning,analysisandassessmenttoolsforimplementingIntegratedUrbanWaterManagementMonitoringtheperformanceofinnovativeurbanwatercyclesystemsDevelopingnewtechnologiestofilltargetedniches3.HOUSEWATEREXPERTHouseWaterExpert(HWE)issoftwareaimedatcapacitybuildingwithinthewaterindustryandthegeneralpublic,increasingindividuals’knowledgeaboutwatermanagementwithinaresidentialproperty.Homeownersandhighschoolstudentsaretheprimarytargetaudience;withsecondaryaudiencesbeingengineers,designers,plannersandarchitectswhohavelittleornoexperienceinintegratedurbanwatermanagement.Usersareencouragedtothinkabouthowtheirwaterbudgetcouldbeeffectedbyalternativewaterresourcessuchasrainwatertanksandgreywatertreatmentsystems;efficiencyratingsoftheirhouseholdwaterappliances;andtheirwaterconsumptionpractices.Byempoweringthepublictomakemoreinformeddecisionsaboutwatermanagement,HWEcanbeusedtosavewaterandenergyresources.WaterutilitiesandcouncilscoulduseHWEasatoolforpubliccommunicationandeducation.HWEhasbeendesignedtobehighlyintuitiveduetoabroadtargetaudience,whowillhavearangeoftechnicalskills.Nonetheless,thesoftwareisunderpinnedbyscientificprinciplesandknowledge.PotentialexistsforHWEtobeusedfortechnicalpurposes(providedtheuserunderstandsHWE’salgorithms)howevertheprimarypurposeisforeducationandcapacitybuilding.3.1.KeyfunctionalityfeaturesAtthetimeofwriting,HWEmodelsthevolumeoftownwaterconsumed,wastewaterproducedandstormwaterproduced,basedintheusersdescriptionofaresidentialallotment.Thedevelopmentteamisintheprocessofaddingwater-relatedenergyconsumptionwithinthatallotmenttothesoftware.UponenteringHWE,userswillhavetheoptionofoperatingintwodistinctmodes:1.“InvestigateYourHome”mode2.“PlayaGame”mode“InvestigateYourHome”modeallowsuserstore-createandmodeltheirownhomeandthenquantifyimpactsofchangingtheirwatermanagementpractices.“PlayaGame”modeisaneducationaltoolthatchallengesuserstoimprovethewatermanagementofascenarioprovidedbyHWE. Usersenterinformationaboutthewaterefficiencyofproductsaroundthehome,e.g.“A”ratingofclotheswasher(StandardsAustralia2003),alongwithbehaviouralinformationsuchastypicalfrequencyanddurationofshowering.Userscanthenassesstheimpacttheycanhaveonwatermanagementbychangingtheirbehaviour,changingtheefficiencyratingsofproductswithinthehome,orutilizingroofrunoff,greywaterorwastewaterwithintheirallotment.Valuesarecalculatedinstantaneouslyasusersadditems(suchastoiletorrainwatertank)oramendthepropertiesofitems(suchasfrequencyofuse,Aratingorsize).Thisallowsuserstoimmediatelyquantifytheimpactofwaterfittingsandappliances,andthewaytheyareused,onwatermanagement.Summaryresultsarecontinuouslydisplayedatthetopoftheuserinterfacescreen(seeFigure2).Figure2TheinsidescreenDetailedresultsaboutwatermovementwithintheresidentialblockandsummarystatisticsareavailablebyclickingonthegraphsymbollocatedatthetoprighthandcornerofthescreen.Examplesofthesemoredetailedresultsare:thevolumesofwaterusedbyeachapplication;theperformanceofalternativewatersystems;andthebreakdownofthedifferentgreywaterandblackwatercomponentsdischargedfromtheblock.Summarystatisticsincludeamountofwaterusedbyalternativesources;andvolumeofwaterusebyeachindividualwithinthehousehold.Theusercanaccessalibrarybyclickingonthequestionmarkinthetoprighthandcorner.Thelibrarycontainsinformationaboutarangeoftopicsincludingcontaminants,theirsource,fateandeffectuponsoils;rainwatertanksandtheirdesignconsiderations;anddefinitionsof“A”ratingsforeachappliance.3.2.“InvestigateYourHome”modeIn“Investigate”mode,usersareguidedthroughaseriesofinputscreensinordertorepresenttheirhouseandoutdoorareas.Usersareinitiallyrequiredtoenterdetailssuchasblocksize,blocklocationandnamesofindividualsthatformthehousehold.TheseinputsallowHWEtoascertainrainfallpatterns,calculaterunoffvolumesandallowtheassigningofindividualwaterusageprofilesinthelaterscreens.ThetypeofinformationtheuserprovidesintheOutdoorandIndoorscreens(Figure2andFigure3)include:•“A”ratingofclotheswasher,dishwasher,showerrose,taps•Frequencyofshowering,gardenwatering•Durationofshowering,gardenwatering •Methodofgardenwatering•Useofgreywater,rainwateretc..(ifany)HWEusesthisinformationtocalculateconsumptionvolumesandwaterfluxesfortheproperty.Figure3TheoutsidescreenFigure4showsanexampleoftheinputscreenforshowersFigure4TheShowerinputscreen3.3.“PlayaGame”modeHWEsuppliestheuserwithpre-loadedhouseandoutdoorsset-upsandscenariosin“PlayaGame”mode,challengingtheusertoimprovethegivenhousehold’swatermanagementpractices.Veryfewuserinputsarerequiredinthismode,allowingtheusertolearnaboutwatermanagementtechniqueswithminimuminputrequirements.“PlayaGame”modehasmoreofageneraleducationalfocus,incomparisonto“InvestigateyourHome”modethatinformsauserabouttheirownspecifichouseholdandtheimpactofchangestheycouldmakeindoorsandoutdoors.4.MONITORINGTECHNOLOGIESANDSYSTEMSInresponsetothechallengesfacingtheAustralianWaterindustry,urbandevelopmentsthroughoutAustraliaincreasinglyareimplementingnon-standardwaterservicingsystems.Thesealternativesystemsusewaterfromavarietyofsources,suchaslargeregionalwastewatertreatmentplants,singlehousegreywatertreatmentsystems,rainwatertanksandstormwatersystems,andarebeingusedinlow,mediumandhigh-densityhousingdevelopments.Asthesesystemsarenon- conventional,thereislittleoperatingexperienceonwhichtobasethedesignorpredictthelong-termperformanceofthesesystems.CSIROandtheCRCforWaterQualityandTreatmentareundertakingamonitoringprogramandTheUniversityofQueenslandisdevelopingadatabasetocollectanddisseminateinformationaboutalternateurbanwaterschemesincludingperformancedata.Bymonitoringtechnologiesandsystemsthatarecurrentlyusedinalternativewatersystems,anunderstandingofhowexistingalternativeurbanwaterprojectsarebeingimplementedandwhattheiroperatingcharacteristicsareintermsofwaterquality,reliabilityandeconomicscanbeobtained.Thiswillidentifyopportunitiestoimprovethesesystemsandidentifybarrierslimitingtheiradoption.Disseminationofthisinformationshouldenablebettersystemdesign.Thekeyquestionstheprojectisaddressingare:•Howvariableisthewatersource?•Howreliablearethetreatmenttechnologiesandtreatmenttrainsthatarebeingusedintermsofwaterqualityandunderwhatconditionsmighttheyfail?•Whatwaterquality(pathogens,nutrients,salinity,colour/odour,etc)isproducedateachsite?•Howisamulti-barrierapproachimplementedateachsite?•Whatlevelofongoingtreatmenttechnologyandsystemmonitoringisrequired?•Whatcostsareassociatedwiththewatersystem?•Whohasoperationalresponsibilityforthesite?•Whatproblemshavebeenencounteredinoperationofthesystem–duringstart-up,on-going?Themonitoringanddataaugmentationprogramisto:1.obtainoperatingandperformancedatafromseveralsiteswheremonitoringisnotcurrentlyoccurring,2.gatherdatapreviouslycollectedfromestablishedsitessuchasRouseHill,3.includedatacurrentlybeingcollectedbyresearchpartners(e.g.InkermanOasis),augmentingthesemonitoringprogramsifrequired,and4.ensurethequalityofthedataincludedinthedatabaseisreliable.Thisdatawillbestoredandmadeavailablefromadatabase,itwillaidanalysisofwateruse,treatmentreliabilityandcostsforeachsite,comparisonbetweensitesandtechnologies,comparisonofthewaterefficiencyofthesystemtothatofaconventionalapproach,andestimationofthewateroutcomesforeachsystemsiftranslatedtoanotherlocationwithinAustralia.Duringsiteselectiontherewasapreferencetowardssitesthatreusewastewaterfromlarge-scaletreatmentplantsoruseanon-sitegreywatertreatmentsystemtoreclaimwater,asthereisanotherCRCWaterQualityandTreatmentprojectinvestigatingthewaterqualityfromraintanks.Themonitoringprogramwilldeterminethevariabilityoftheinfluentandeffluentovervarioustimeperiods,forwaterflows,microbiologicalparameters,nutrientloads,heavymetalsandsomephysicalwaterqualityparameters.Understandingthevariabilityinflowsandwaterqualitywillincreaseourunderstandinghowthesesystemsshouldbemonitoredforcompliance.Thevariabilityofeachsystemwillbeaffectedbythesizeofthesystemandthetechnologiesused,andthereforeanunderstandingofhowwaterqualityvariabilitychangeswithsystemscaleandtreatmenttechnologywillassistplannerstoimplementappropriatesystems.Thereforeselectioncriteriawere:•Typeofwatersystem(i.e.wastewaterorgreywaterreuse)•Sitenotcurrentlymonitored,partiallyorfully•LogisticalconsiderationsformountingamonitoringprogramThetwositeschosenforCSIROtomonitorareWestWyckinMelbourneandMcGillivrayOvalinPerth.Thesesitesrepresentexamplesofwastewaterreusefromalargeregional/centralisedwastewatertreatmentplant(McGillivrayOval)andlocalgreywaterreuse(bathwaterreusedfortoiletflushingatWestWyck).Neitherofthesesystemswouldotherwisebeintensivelymonitoredifthisprojectwerenotundertakingthesetasks.Currentlytheprojectisintheearlystagesofdevelopment,andmonitoringanddatacollectionisonlyjustcommencing.However,itisanticipatedthatinmid2005thedatabasewillbepopulatedwithdatafrommanysites. 4.1.WestWyck,MelbourneWestWyckisasmallurbandevelopment,inwhichtheformerWestBrunswickPrimarySchoolisbeingconvertedintoaresidentialdevelopment.Thesitewasoriginallypurchasedbylocalresidentsconcernedaboutthepotentiallossofasitewithheritagevalue.Theysubsequentlydecidedtodevelopthesiteusingenvironmentallysustainableprinciples,withresidentialapartmentsincorporatingbuildingmaterialsoflowenvironmentalimpact(reuseofmaterialsfromthesite),andbuildingswithlowenergyrequirementsaswellaslowwateruse.Thesitecontains6two-bedroomunitsandone3-bedroomapartment(A1-A7)intheoriginalschoolbuildings.Afurtherfivenew2-bedroomapartments(H1-H5)areplannedforthesite.Figure5isadiagrammaticrepresentationoftheWestWycksite(not22toscale).Thesiteareais2,280m2,andcurrentlyhas641mofroofarea,170mofnon-perviousarea2and1,469mofperviousarea.VegetableAdditionalschoolbuildingsGardenTranspirationPotentialA7A1bedTranspirationbedA4A6A5A3A2GreywaterWormfarm1tankWormfarm2H5H4H3GrassCarparkH2H1StormwaterwetlandsTranspirationtrenchesFigure5SchematicdiagramofWestWyckThedwellingsusepotablewaterinthekitchen,bathroomandlaundry.Frontloadingwashingmachinesareencouragedbyonlyprovidingaspacelargeenoughforfrontloadersinthelaundry,andlowphosphorusandlowsaltlaundrypowderforusebytheresidentsispurchasedbythebodycorporate.Showerandbathwateraredischargedtothegreywatertreatmentsystem,andtreatedgreywaterisusedfortoiletflushing.Excessgreywaterisdivertedtothewastewatertreatmentsystem.Wastewater(kitchen,laundry,toilet)istreatedinwormfarmsalongwithadditionalcompostmaterialsuchasgardenscraps.Theexcesswaterisdirectedtotranspirationbeds,withsubsurfacedischargeinalllocations.Thetranspirationbedsconsistofagrasscarparkandwetlandswithavarietyofvegetationgrown,andalltranspirationbedsareisolatedfromthegroundwaterbyanimperviouslayer.Stormwaterisdivertedtowetlandsforretentionandtreatment.Excessstormwaterisdischargedtothestreet.Rainwatertanksaretobeinstalledinthetownhousesthatareyettobebuilt,andthiswaterwillbeusedtosubstituteforpotablewater.AflowdiagramoftheWestWyckwatersystemisshowninFigure6.KitchenPotablewaterWormFarmLaundryExcessBathroomGreywaterToilettreatmentGardenEvapotranspiration(Wetland/Grasscarpark)TranspirationWetlandsExcesstostreetStormwaterFigure6FlowdiagramoftheWestWyckwatersupply-wastewatersystem(top)andthestormwatersystem(bottom). Thetreatmentefficiencyofthegreywatertreatmentsystemandthewormfarmsistobemonitored,aswellastheamountoftranspirationthatcanbeachievedon-thissite.Maintenancerequirementswillalsoberecorded.4.2.McGillivrayOvalMostofthereuseinWAisfocusedonregionaltownswithsecondarytreatedeffluentfrommunicipaltreatmentplantsbeingusedforirrigationofparksandovals.McGillivrayOval,thefirstmanagedgreenspaceirrigationprojectinthePerthmetropolitanregion,isanexampleofthisstyleofsystem,althoughthereisadditionaltreatmentpriortoirrigationofthesportingfields.Thisstyleofreusesystemwouldbeofinteresttothoseconsideringlocaltreatmenttoupgradethewaterqualityfromacentralizedwastewatertreatmentsystem.McGillivrayOvalisasetofplayingfields,previouslyirrigated3-4timesperweekusinggroundwater,whichhasnowbeenconvertedtoirrigationwithgroundwaterandtreatedwastewaterfromtheSubiacoWastewaterTreatmentPlant.Thecurrentirrigationregimeistoirrigate1-2timesaweekwithgroundwaterand1-2timesaweekwithtreatedeffluent.Irrigationtakesplaceintheeveningsfrom9pmonwardsandlastsforseveralhours.Bothgroundwaterandtreatedwastewaterareusedforirrigationtolimittheextentofnitrogenandphosphorusbuildupinthegroundwaterbelowtheplayingfields.ThetreatedwastewaterfromtheSubiacoWastewaterTreatmentPlantisfurthertreatedbyrapidsandfiltrationandchlorinedisinfection.Theefficiencyofthesandfiltrationandchlorinedisinfectionprocessesarebeingmonitored,alongwiththemaintenancerequirements,thegroundwaterqualitybelowtheplayingfieldsandpathogenpresenceanddieoffonthesportsfields.Adetailedlevelofdatacaptureisrequiredtoachieveanswerstothekeyquestionspreviouslyidentified.Themonitoringprogramhasbeendesignedtodeterminethedegreeofvariationinwaterqualityandflowsoverdifferenttimeperiodsandthevariabilityinwaterqualityfollowingeachstageoftreatment.Theoperatingcostsassociatedwiththetreatmentsystemandsitemanagement,adetaileddescriptionofthetreatmentsystemandhowitisoperated,informationonresidualsmanagement,energyrequirementsandadescriptionofthewatersystemisalsobeingcollected.Theinformationcollectedwillallowawaterbalancetobeperformedoverthesite,sothattranslationofsystemperformancetootherlocationsinAustraliamightbeestimated.Dataonwateruseinasimilarstylesystembutwithaconventionalwatersystemwillalsobecollectedtoallowcomparisonofwaterusebetweentheconventionalandalternativewatersystems.4.3.ThedatabaseLucid(http://www.lucidcentral.com/)istobeusedtodevelopthecoredatabaseinterface,andwillcontainalldataapartfromthatwhichiscollectedovertimee.g.waterquality,waterflowrateandcostdata.Thewaterquality,waterflowrateandcertaincostdatawillbestoredinanAccessdatabasespecificforeachsite.LucidwillbeabletointerrogatetheAccessdatabasesandgathertheinformationrequired.Hence,itwillbeabletoreturnaverageandstandarddeviationsinwaterqualityfromanextensivesetofwaterqualityresults.Separationofthedatainthismannerhasbeenchosentoallowthetimeseriesdatacollectedforaparticularsitetobeseparatedfromthemaindatabase,andenabletherestrictionofaccesstotheLuciddatabasewhiledataisupdatedbyfieldoperators.TheLuciddatabasehasseveraladvantagesoverotherdatabases,asitenableseasyinterrogationofthedata,canincorporategraphicsfilesandweblinks,andenablesfilestobeattachedtothedatabase.Theseattributesallowadditionalinformationtobecontainedwithinthedatabase,andincreasingit’sflexibilityandthetypeofinformationthatcanbedelivered.Whilethedevelopmentofthedatabaseframeworkistargetedforuseinthisresearchproject,itmayalsoresultinausefuloperationaltoolforthewaterindustry.Thestructureofthedatabaseshouldenableanorganizationwithmanywatertreatmentsitestoeffectivelymonitorandmanagetheperformanceoftheirsystems. ThisportionoftheprojectisbeingleadbyresearchersbasedattheSchoolofLandandFoodSciencesatTheUniversityofQueensland.5.GREYWATERUtilisationofgreywaterasaresourceisanimportantcomponenttoconsiderwhendevelopingintegratedurbanwatersystems.Greywaterprovidesaguaranteedandcontinuoussupplyofsourcewaterandpublicacceptanceofutilisationofgreywaterisrelativelyhigh.Inaddition,thepossiblewaterconservationadvantagesofusinggreywaterarewelldocumentedwithreportedsavingsofoveronethirdofdomesticwaterconsumption.TherearemanynewtechnologiesbeingdevelopedinAustraliaandworldwideforthetreatmentofgreywaterrangingfromhightechprocesscontrolledsystemstosofttechnologyeco-engineeredapproaches.However,norigourousassessmentoftheprocessesintermsoftheirpathogenremovalperformancehasbeencarriedoutandfieldtrialsareoftentheacceptedmethodofproofofperformance.Whilefieldtrialsprovidevaluableinformationontheperformanceoftechnologiesintherealworldsituation,theydonotnecessarilytestthetechnologytolimitsofperformanceasinfluentqualitycannotbecontrolledinthissituation.InrecognitionofthistheSmartWaterFundwereelicitingproposalsforagreywatertreatmentdevicetestingfacilityandtheproposaltenderedbyCSIROUrbanWaterwasawardedSmartWaterFundinginJuly2004.Theobjectiveoftheprojectistoprovideanindependentandrobusttestingfacilityforgreywatertreatmentdevices,particularlyintermsoftheirperformancewhensubjectedtoshockloadsofpathogenicorganisms.Theprojectaimstoexpandtheassessmentofgreywatertreatmenttechnologiesbeyondthebasicissueofpotentialwatersavings.Arangeofsinglehousegreywatertreatmentprocesseswillbeexamined,utilisingriskassessmenttechniquesandlaboratorytestingoftreatmenteffectiveness.Itisproposedtotestatotaloffourgreywatertreatmentdevices,Arangeofcurrentlyavailablegreywatertechnologies,coveringaspectrumoftreatmentprocesses,willbecomparedandlaboratorytested.Thescopeoftheprojectincludesdevelopmentofatestingfacilityandprotocolwhichcanbeutilisedbyrelevantorganisationstoensurenewgreywatersystemsprovidethenecessarycontrolstominimisehumanhealthimpacts.Inaddition,theprojectassessesthetechnical,healthandbehaviouralrisksofgreywatertreatmentsystemsusedinurbanenvironments.Inbrieftheprojectiscomprisedoffoursteps:1.Selectionoftechnologies2.Greywatercharacterisationandsynthesis3.Riskassessment4.LaboratorytestingTheoutcomesfromtheprojectwillprovidequalitativeandquantitativetechnical,proceduralandhealthriskassessmentsofexistinggreywatertreatmenttechnologies.Thisinformationwillprovideregulatoryauthoritiesadditionalknowledgewhichcanbeutilisedintheapprovalprocessfornewgreywatertreatmenttechnologies.Also,theprojectwillprovideabasisforimprovedassessmentofgreywatertechnologiespriortoinstallationinthehome.Inaddition,theprojectwillallowpreliminarybroadassessmentofgreywatertreatmentsystems,andassuchistheinitiatingresearchrequiredforafullsustainabilityassessment,includingariskcomponent,ofthesesystems.6.RELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSYSTEMSCALEANDECONOMICSTodate,investigationsintotheeconomicsaspectofalternativeurbanwatersystemshavenotkeptpacewithresearchintotechnological,environmentalandsocialaspectsandthereislimitedinformationavailableinthisarea.Therefore,thisprojecthasbeenscopedtoaddresskeyknowledgegapsinthisarea,andaimstoidentifytheappropriatescalesforalternativeurbanwatersystemsfordifferenturbanlandscapes.Itwillaccountfortheinfluenceofsitespecificissuessuchasdevelopmentdensity,systemconfiguration,thephasingofdevelopment,costsassociatedwithpubliceducation,andongoingoperationalmonitoringofthesystems.Theresearchwillproduceagreaterunderstandingofhowbesttoapproachtheimplementationofalternativeurbanwatersystemsthatarebotheconomicandachievethewaterresourceandservicing objectivesthataredesired(e.g.25%reductioninpotablewateruseetc).ItisanticipatedthatlocalconditionsinMelbourneandPerthwillbeusedinthemajorityofscenariosinvestigated,butanunderstandingofhowtheresultsfromthesecasestudysitesmightbetransferredtootherlocationswillalsobedeveloped.Itisenvisionedthatthefirststageofthestudywillfocusontotalcosts,whilethesecondstagewilllookmorecloselyatthewayinwhichthesecostsaresplitbetweendifferentparties,includingwaterauthorities,developers,propertyowners,propertyoccupiersandthewidercommunity.7.GREENSCAPEPLANNERThefollowingisadescriptionofGreenscapePlannerthat,atthetimeofwriting,hasundergoneinitialprojectscoping.Theaimofthisprojectistodevelopacomputationalanalysistoolthatenablestheplanninganddesignofsuburbsthattakeintoaccounttheurbanwaterandenergybudgetsandtheirinteractionwiththeconfigurationoftheurbanlandscape(especiallygreenspace).Asaresult,itwillutilizeasystemsmodelofthetotalurbanwatercycle,fromanenvironmentalratherthananengineeringperspective.GreenscapePlanneristargetedprimarilyatstrategicplanners,withtownplannersanddevelopmentapprovalagencies(suchaslocalcouncils,waterauthoritiesandgovernmentdepartments)asasecondaryaudience.Thepurposeofthemodelistoallowtheuserstodeterminehowdifferentdevelopmentandredevelopmentconfigurationsinfluencetheurbanwaterandenergybalanceandimpactonthenaturalenvironment,includingurbanwaterways.Itisexpectedthattheurbanwatercyclewillberepresentedinaspatiallyexplicitmannerthatusescadastraland/orhigh-resolutionremotesensingdataasitsbase,withinhydrologically-definedcatchments.Waterquantityandqualityprocesseswillberepresentedatasub-dailytimestep.Howevertheresultswillundergospatiotemporalaggregationtoestimatecumulativeeffectsatdifferentscales.GreenscapePlannerwillrepresenttheroleofvegetationandgreenspaceinmoredetailthanexistingurbanwaterbalancemodelssuchasUVQ(Mitchelletal,2003),i.e.ithasmoreadetailedrepresentationofthe‘pervioussoilstore’andurbanevapotranspiration(ET)thanUVQ(Figure7).ThesystemsrepresentationinsidetheredboxinFigure7willbeexpandedtoincludethespatialdistributionofgreenspaceandnaturalandartificialwater-bodies.Themodelwillalsobeabletoconsidertheimpactofgreenspaceonbiodiversityandtheimpactofurbanformonmicro-climatebylinkingamassbalanceapproachtomodellingtheurbanwatercycletoanenergy-basedone(asdiscussedinthefollowingsection).ThepurposeofcombiningboththeenergyandwaterbalanceswithinGreenscapePlanneristoprovideathermodynamicconstraintonthemodelevaporationtermintheurbanwaterbalanceandtoenableurbanimpactsonclimatetobeexplored.7.1.UrbanMicro-climateandEnergyBalanceResearchUrbanisationconvertsalandscapeoftranspiringvegetationandpervioussurfacesintoonethatis,atleastinitially,largelyimperviousandmade-upofrigid,sharp-edgedbuildings.Radiation,heatingandairflowareallmodifiedbythenewclimaticpropertiesoftheurbanlandscape.Vegetationhasthepotentialtoreducethenegativeandenhancethepositiveclimateimpactsofcitiesandsocreateamorecomfortableandsafeclimateforurbaninhabitantsandtheiractivitiesandpotentiallyreducingenergyconsumption.Urbanvegetationcanprovideshade,shelterandcooltheairviatranspiration,sothereisthepotentialforreducedenergyuseinspaceheatingandcoolingalongwithimprovedhumancomfortandhealthandreducednetgreenhousegasemissions.Quantifyingthesemultiplebenefitscanbeachievedbydevelopingmodellingtoolsthataccountfornotjusttheurbanwatercycle,butalsotheurbanclimate.Theenergybalanceprovidesaframeworktoquantify,eitherinadiagnosticorprognosticsense,theeffectofurbanvegetationonurbanclimate.Thereispotentialtouseurbanvegetationtobothmodifyurbanclimatesandbeakeyelementofwatersensitiveurbandesignforstormwaterqualitymanagementpurposes.Theinclusionofurbanvegetationinanurbanhydrologicalmodel,inparticularrepresentingurbanevaporationinabiophysicallysoundmannerthatincludestheurbanenergybalance,isthoughttoenablethequantificationofthemultiplebenefitsofvegetationwithinurbanplanningtools. rainandevaporationsnowmeltimported(RSM)UrbanETwater(I)evaporation(Eimp)actualleakageevapotranspiration(LD)(Ea)irrigation(IR)roadroofpavingindoorwaterrainfallstorestorestoreuse(IWU)excess(EXC)(RDST)(RST)(PST)septicdisposal(SD)infiltrationnon-effectiveperviousstorestoreinfiltrationinfiltrationarearunoffrechargestore(INF)(NEAR)(PS1)(RIS)(INFS)(PS2)borewastewaterpervioussurfaceextractionexfiltrationrunoff(SRUN)(BE)(EXF)effectiveimpervioussurfacerunoff(IRUN)groundwaterrecharge(GWR)baseflowgroundwater(BF)store(GWS)inflow(ISI)overflow(OF)stormwaterwastewaterrunoff(Sw)discharge(Ww)Figure7SystemsmodelofthetotalurbanbalanceinUVQAsmostcitiesinAustraliaalreadyhaveagreatdealofgreenspace,thereislittlechanceofsignificantlyalteringurbanclimatesatthemesoscaleviatheuseofvegetation.However,thereisconsiderablescopeforusingvegetationtomodulateurbanclimatesatthemicroscale,i.e.atthestreet(human)level,including:scatteredtreesalongstreets,ingardensandparkstoprovideshadeandshelterthroughtoparkswhichcanreduceurbanheatingandcoolingcosts.Ajudiciousmixtureofirrigated,largeparksandpavementsmayachieveconsiderablecoolingatthemicro-scale,butmoreresearchisneededbeforeeffectsonclimatecanbequantified.8.ASSESSMENTOFSUB-SURFACESTORAGEOPPORTUNITIESSubsurfacestorageofstormwaterandreclaimedwaterisgenerallymuchcheaperthanstoringabovegroundinurbanandperi-urbanareas.IfopportunitiesareidentifiedbeneaththeMelbournemetropolitanarea,thisopensthewayforwaterharvestingandreusethatwilldirectlyreducebothoffsitedischargeandthevolumeofwatersuppliesneedingtobeimportedfromcatchments.Itmayalsohaveotheraestheticandrecreationalbenefits,suchascreationandmaintenanceofgreenspaceandwetlands.Viablesubsurfacestorageisacatalystforawholerangeofinnovativetreatmentandreusetechnologiesandtheirintegrationwhichotherwisewouldnotbepossible.Theopportunitiesdependonfindingevensmallareashavingsuitableaquiferandgroundwatercharacteristicsandtheavailabilityofwaterinfrastructure,powerandlandatthemostprospectivesites.ThegeologyofMelbourneisvariedandtheeconomicsizeofstoragezonescanbelessthan1sqkm.Thereforeabroadscaleevaluationmaymissmuchofthepotentialforsubsurfacestorageandinsomelocationstheremaybeanumberofstoragezonesoverlayingeachother.ThiscomponentoftheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectaimstomapthesubsurfacestoragepotentialforwaterintheMelbourneMetropolitanAreaanddemonstratethistechnology’sperformance.Theregionalassessmentwillidentifytheaquifertypesthataremostlikelytoyieldsuccessfulresultsandtherebyassistingainingconfidencewithwaterbankingmethodsandindevelopinganefficientresearchstrategyforidentifyingwaterqualityrequirementsforothersites.Acodeofpracticeforcommercial-scaleaquiferstorageandrecoveryofmainswater,stormwaterandreclaimedwaterwillbealsoproducedthatwouldsimplifylicensing.Asasecondstage,subjecttoidentifyingprospectivesites,atleastonefull-scaledemonstrationASRsitewillbedesigned,investigated,constructedandcommissioned. ThisprojecthasbeencommissionedbytheVictorianSmartWaterFundandisapartnershipbetweenCSIROandSinclairKnightMerz.9.CONCLUSIONSTheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectisdevelopingarangeofsoftwareprograms,databasesandframeworksfordecisionmakingandanalysistosupporttheAustralianwaterindustryinitsmovefromcurrentpracticetointegratedurbanwatermanagement.Themulti-disciplinaryteamisworkinginawiderangetoresearchareas,fromtreatmenttechnologyperformancetourbanmicro-climateandwater-energybalancemodelling.Theprojecthasbeenstructuredtocreateamixofoutputs,includingcapabilitybuildingtoolssuchasHouseWaterExpertwhichhasbeenreleasedwithinthefirstyearoftheproject,longertermtechnicaldecisionsupporttoolssuchastheMonitoringTechnologiesandSystemsprojectwithitsinterrogatabledatabaseandtheAssessmentofSub-surfaceStorageOpportunitiesprojectwithitsregionalopportunitiesmap,andresearchwhichexpandsourbodyofknowledgesuchastherelationshipbetweensystemsscaleandeconomicsandthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Theoutputsofthisprojectwillenableplanners,designersanddeveloperstotransformthewayinwhichurbanwaterservicesareprovidedthroughbetterurbanandinfrastructureplanninganddesignandtheimplementationofinnovativetechnologies.Asaresulttheimpactsofurbanizationonourenvironmentwillbemitigatedwhilealsoprovidingthehighlevelofservicethatourcommunitiesrequest,contributingtotheoverallWaterforaHealthyCountrygoalofachievingatenfoldincreaseinthesocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefitsfromwaterby2025.10.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDrGunnarKirchhofandDrPeterDart(SchoolofLandandFoodSciencesatTheUniversityofQueensland),HeatherChapman(CRCforWaterQualityandTreatment)andDrTonyPriestley(CSIROManufacturingandinfrastructureTechnologyandCRCforWaterQualityandTreatment)havecollaboratedinthedevelopmentoftheMonitoringTechnologiesandSystemsresearchtask,whichisapartnershipprojectwithintheCRCforWaterQualityandTreatment’sSustainableWaterSourcesProgram.RichardJarrettandRayCorrell(CSIROMathematicsandInformationStatistics)areacknowledgedfortheirongoingandpastinputintheareaofstatisticstotheprojectteam.GuyBarnettandMichaelDoherty(CSIROSustainableEcosystems)areacknowledgedfortheirvaluablecontributionstotheGreenscapePlannerproject.EricDell’OroandSonyaCifuentes(CSIROManufacturingandinfrastructureTechnology)areacknowledgedfortheirkeyrolesinthedevelopmentofHouseWaterExpert.PeterDillon(CSIROLandandWater)isacknowledgedforhiskeyinputintotheformationoftheWaterSmartCommunities–PlanningandPerformanceprojectandthedevelopmentoftheAssessmentofsub-surfacestorageopportunitieswithinurbanregionsresearchtask.11.REFERENCESMitchell,V.G.,Diaper,C,Gray,S.R.andRahilly,M(2003)UVQ:ModellingtheMovementofWaterandthContaminantsthroughtheTotalUrbanWaterCycle,28HydrologyandWaterResourcesSymposium,TheInstitutionofEngineersAustralia,10–14November,Wollongong,NSW,Vol3,pp131-138
