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ID:34315441
大小:57.50 KB
页数:10页
时间:2019-03-05
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1、ChemistryCh3:AtomicStructureObjectives3-1·Definethetermatom·ListthepostulatesofDalton’satomictheory3-2·Discusshowatomicstructureisrelatedtoelectricity·Explainwhatstudiesofcathoderaysandradioactivityrevealedabouttheatom·DiscussRutherford’salpha-scatteringexperimentandhowitshowedtheexistence
2、ofthenucleus3-3·Nameanddescribethethreesubatomicparticlesinanatom·Determinethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsinanatomorion·Defineisotopeandatomicmass3-4·Describethechangesthataccompanynuclearreactions·Defineradioactivity103-1EarlymodelsoftheatomWatchvideo·Whatisthesmallestpossiblepar
3、ticleofasubstance?·Canyoukeepdividingapieceofaluminumfoilinhalfindefinitely?·In450BC,theGreekphilosopherDemocritusproposedthatallmatteriscomposedoftiny,indivisibleparticlescalledatomos.Aristotleandotherphilosophersdisagreed,askingwhatheldtheparticlestogether.Democrituscouldn’tanswerthissoh
4、istheorywasrejected.·Todayscientistsdefineanatomasthesmallestparticleofanelementthatretainsthechemicalidentityofthatelement·Acoupleofimportantprincipleswerediscoveredinthelate1700’s:1.Lavoisier’sConservationofMatter(whichstateswhat?)2.Proust’sLawofConstantComposition-agivencompoundalwaysco
5、ntainsthesameelementsinthesameproportionsbymass.I.E.Waterisalways88.9%Oand11.1%H.·In1803anEnglishmath&physicsschoolteacher,JohnDalton,wrotedowntheatomictheoryofmatterbasedonthefollowingpostulates:1.Eachelementiscomposedofextremelysmallparticlescalledatoms2.Allatomsofagivenelementareidentic
6、al,buttheydifferfromthoseofanyotherelement.3.Atomsareneithercreatednordestroyedinanychemicalreaction.4.Agivencompoundalwayshasthesamerelativenumbersandkindsofatoms.·Thereareabout100differentelements-whichmeansabout100differentkindsofatoms·Theseatomscombinetoformeverything,allmatter.Kindofl
7、ikethelettersinthealphabetformwords.103-2DiscoveringAtomicStructureStaticElectricity·Daltonthoughtatomsmustbehardandround·MichaelFaraday,anEnglishchemist,(1791-1867)suggestedstructureofatomsrelatedtoelectricity.Atomsdocontainparticlesthathaveelectricalcharge.T
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