chemistrych3atomicstructure:ch3原子结构化学

chemistrych3atomicstructure:ch3原子结构化学

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时间:2019-03-05

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1、ChemistryCh3:AtomicStructureObjectives3-1·Definethetermatom·ListthepostulatesofDalton’satomictheory3-2·Discusshowatomicstructureisrelatedtoelectricity·Explainwhatstudiesofcathoderaysandradioactivityrevealedabouttheatom·DiscussRutherford’salpha-scatteringexperimentandhowitshowedtheexistence

2、ofthenucleus3-3·Nameanddescribethethreesubatomicparticlesinanatom·Determinethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsinanatomorion·Defineisotopeandatomicmass3-4·Describethechangesthataccompanynuclearreactions·Defineradioactivity103-1EarlymodelsoftheatomWatchvideo·Whatisthesmallestpossiblepar

3、ticleofasubstance?·Canyoukeepdividingapieceofaluminumfoilinhalfindefinitely?·In450BC,theGreekphilosopherDemocritusproposedthatallmatteriscomposedoftiny,indivisibleparticlescalledatomos.Aristotleandotherphilosophersdisagreed,askingwhatheldtheparticlestogether.Democrituscouldn’tanswerthissoh

4、istheorywasrejected.·Todayscientistsdefineanatomasthesmallestparticleofanelementthatretainsthechemicalidentityofthatelement·Acoupleofimportantprincipleswerediscoveredinthelate1700’s:1.Lavoisier’sConservationofMatter(whichstateswhat?)2.Proust’sLawofConstantComposition-agivencompoundalwaysco

5、ntainsthesameelementsinthesameproportionsbymass.I.E.Waterisalways88.9%Oand11.1%H.·In1803anEnglishmath&physicsschoolteacher,JohnDalton,wrotedowntheatomictheoryofmatterbasedonthefollowingpostulates:1.Eachelementiscomposedofextremelysmallparticlescalledatoms2.Allatomsofagivenelementareidentic

6、al,buttheydifferfromthoseofanyotherelement.3.Atomsareneithercreatednordestroyedinanychemicalreaction.4.Agivencompoundalwayshasthesamerelativenumbersandkindsofatoms.·Thereareabout100differentelements-whichmeansabout100differentkindsofatoms·Theseatomscombinetoformeverything,allmatter.Kindofl

7、ikethelettersinthealphabetformwords.103-2DiscoveringAtomicStructureStaticElectricity·Daltonthoughtatomsmustbehardandround·MichaelFaraday,anEnglishchemist,(1791-1867)suggestedstructureofatomsrelatedtoelectricity.Atomsdocontainparticlesthathaveelectricalcharge.T

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