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1、historyofimperialchinaTimothyBrook,GeneralEditorCHINA’SLASTEMPIREthegreatqingWilliamT.RowethebelknappressofharvarduniversitypressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England2009ToMurielBellwhosevisionhasimmeasurablyadvancedourunderstandingofQinghistoryCopyright©2009bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvar
2、dCollegeAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataRowe,WilliamT.China’slastempire:thegreatQing/WilliamT.Rowe.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-674-03612-3(alk.paper)1.China—History—Qingdynasty,1644–1912.I.Title.DS7
3、54.R842009951′.03—dc222009011232contentsIntroduction11Conquest112Governance313HighQing634Society905Commerce1226Crises1497Rebellion1758Restoration2019Imperialism23110Revolution253Conclusion284EmperorsandDynasties291PronunciationGuide293Notes294Bibliography317Acknowledgments345Index347maps1.T
4、heQingEmpire,180082.LandscapeofContemporaryChina203.ProvincesofContemporaryChina214.EighteenProvincialAreasof“ChinaProper,”1800365.ChineseMacroregions,ca.1893128figures1.ManchuImperialBodyguard162.TempleofHeaven,Beijing353.StelesListingJinshiScholars,ConfucianTemple,Beijing464.KangxiEmperor,
5、withWritingBrush645.YongzhengEmperor676.QianlongEmperor,inArmoronHorseback727.LotusPond,byShitao858.PorcelainBowlwithPaintingofaCricketMatch869.TerracedHillsides9410.Upper-classChineseWoman,1870s10611.ChineseMerchantandFamily,1860–186412912.TreasuryStreet,Guangzhou,186014313.H.M.S.NemesisDe
6、stroyingChineseWarJunks17114.DaguForts,withCorpsesofChineseDefenders,186019215.ImperialSummerPalace,Beijing19416.ZhiliGovernor-GeneralLiHongzhang,1870s20617.BoxerFightersinCaptivityatTianjin,1900246china’slastempireTheGreatQingintroductionthegreatQingempirewasbyfarthelargestpoliticalentitye
7、vertocenteritselfonthepieceofearthknowntodayasChina.1ItmorethandoubledthegeographicexpanseoftheMingempire,whichitdisplacedin1644,andmorethantripledtheMing’spopulation,reachinginitslastyearsasizeofmorethanhalfabillionpersons.IncludedwithintheQingempirewer
