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1、THEWHEELSOFCOMMERCEFernandBraudelCIVILIZATIONANDCAPITALISM15th-18thCenturyVOLUME11THEWHEELSOFCOM'MERCETranslationfromtheFrenchbySianReynoldsBOOKCLUBASSOCIATESLONDON111���iflrlllrllln�lll�i�[rml�39001105173986WiIliamCollinsSons&CoLtdLondon.Glasgow.Sydney.AucklandToronto'Jo
2、hannesburgThiseditionpublished1983byBookClubAssociatesbyarrangementwithWilliamCollinsSons&CoFirstpublishedinFranceunderthetitleLesJeuxdeI'Echange,I979©LibrairieArmandColinParis1979©EnglishtranslationWilliamCollinsSons&CoLtdLondonandHarper&RowNewYork1982PhotosctinSabonMade
3、andPrintedinGreatBritainbyWilliamCollinsSons&CoLtdGlasgowToPierreGourouintokenofadoubleaffectiono;��:�w:s�II�II�II�IKUTUPHANESI0915395ContentsForewordpage21ITHEINSTRUMENTSOFEXCHANGE25Europe:thewheelsoftradeatthelowestlevel26Ordinarymarketslikethoseoftoday,28-Townsandmarke
4、ts,29-Marketsincreaseinnumberandbecomespecialized,30-Interventionbythetowns,36-TheexampleofLondon,40Somestatistics,42-FromEnglandtoEurope,48Marketsandmarkets:thelabourmarket,49-Marketsaswatersheds,54Be-neaththelevelofthemarket,'59-Shops,60-Specializationandhierarchies,67�
5、Howshopscametoruletheworld,68Someexplanationsoftheboominshopkeeping,70-Pedlars,75-Peddling:anarchaictrade?,79.Europe:thewheelsoftradeatthehighestlevel81Fairs:ancientinstrumentsforeverbeingre-tuned,82Fair-time,carnival-time,85-Developmentofthefairs,90Fairsandcommunications
6、,92Thedeclineofthefairs,93Warehouses,depots,stores,granaries,94TheExchanges,97-TheAmsterdamstockmarket,100-London:arepeatperformance,106-Paris:isavisitreallynecessary?,110-Exchangesandpapermoney,112.TheworldoutsideEurope114Marketsandshops:world-widephenomena,114Thevariabl
7、eareaoftheelementarymarketzones,118-Aworldofpedlarsorofwholesalers?,120-Indianbankers,124-FewExchangesbutmanyfairs,125-Europeversustherestoftheworld?,133.Concludinghypotheses13478TheWheelsofCommerce2MARKETSANDTHEECONOMYMerchantsandtradecircuits138Returnjourneys,140Circuit
8、sandbillsofexchange,142-Noclosure,nodeal,144-Ontheproblemsofthereturnjourney,145-Collaborationbe
