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1、CreatingtheTwentiethCentury:TechnicalInnovationsof1867–1914andTheirLastingImpactVaclavSmilOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSCreatingtheTwentiethCenturyThispageintentionallyleftblankCreatingtheTwentiethCenturyTechnicalInnovationsof1867–1914andTheirLastingImpactVaclavSmil
2、120051OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurtherOxfordUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducation.OxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiToron
3、toWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamCopyright2005byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenu
4、e,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise
5、,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSmil,Vaclav.Creatingthetwentiethcentury:technicalinnovationsof1867–1914andtheirlastingimpact/VaclavSmil.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978
6、-0-19-516874-4ISBN:0-19-516874-71.Technologicalinnovations—History—19thcentury.2.Technologicalinnovations—History—20thcentury.I.Title.T173.8.S6152004609'.034—dc222004054757987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperPrefaceThisbookhasbeenonmymi
7、ndformorethanthreedecades.Myfirstmusingsaboutthetechnicallyexceptionalnatureofthetwopre-WWIgenerationsgobacktothelate1960s,beforeEvaandIescapedfromanewlyinvadedprovinceoftheSovietEmpiretoPennsylvanianridgeandvalleycountryside.Iworkedonsomeofitstopics(forother
8、publications)duringthelate1980sandthroughoutthe1990s,andIfinallybegantowriteitin2002.Inthewordsthatmyfavoritecomposerusedindedicatinghisquartets,itistheresultoflunga,elaboriosafattica—andyetIwish
