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1、TheElectronicJournalforVirtualOrganizationsandNetworksVolume8,March2007INDIVIDUALANDCOLLECTIVECOMPETENCESINVIRTUALPROJECTORGANIZATIONSNiinaKokko,MattiVartiainen&JohanLönnbladLaboratoryofWorkPsychologyandLeadership,DepartmentofIndustrialEngineeringandManagement,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,P.O
2、.Box5500,FIN-02015TKK,Finland.niina.kokko@hut.fi,matti.vartiainen@hut.fi,johan.lonnblad@hut.fiABSTRACTThispaperexaminescompetencesneededinvirtualprojectorganizations(VOs).Virtualspecificindividualandcollectivecompetenceswereexploredasaliteraturestudyandinaqualitativemulti-caseanalysisof102semi-
3、structuredinterviews.Theanalysisrevealedthatvirtualworkinacomplexdistributedcontextrequiresspecialcharacteristicsandskilfuloperativeactionsfromvirtualteammembersandleadersaswellasfromthevirtualprojectorganizationanditsteams.Severalnewcompetenceswerediscovered.Thefindingssuggestasapracticalimpli
4、cationthatdevelopingcompetencesiscrucialforthesuccessofvirtualworkinginthecontextofprojectorganizations.Keywords:Individualcompetence,Collectivecompetence,Virtualprojectorganization,Taskcomplexity,Contextualcomplexity,Multi-caseanalysisCopyright:©2007eJOV.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedun
5、derthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/),whichpermitsunrestricteduseanddistribution,inanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited,andprohibitsderivatives.NiinaKokko,MattiVartiainen&JohanLönnblad1INTRODUCTION1.1ChallengeofVirtu
6、alProjectOrganizationsThisarticledealswiththequestion:whatkindsofcompetencesareneededwhileworkinginvirtualorganizationsandteams?Theextensiveknowledgeofvirtualspecificcompetencesisneededtostaffsuccessfulvirtualteams,whichoftenhaveafluidmembershipaddingandremovingaspecificexpertiseastaskschange(A
7、lge,WiethoffandKlein,2003;Kirkman,Rosen,TeslukandGibson,2004).Aproposedbenefitandastrategicreasonofvirtualcollaborationisthatitcanbringtogetherindividualswiththeneededknowledge,skillsandabilities.Still,onlyfewempiricalstudiesareav
