Maslow_(1943)_A_Theory_of_Human_Motivation.pdf

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1、ATHEORYOFHUMANMOTIVATIONBYA.H.MASLOWBrooklynCollegeI.INTRODUCTIONInapreviouspaper(13)variouspropositionswerepre-sentedwhichwouldhavetobeincludedinanytheoryofhumanmotivationthatcouldlayclaimtobeingdefinitive.Theseconclusionsmaybebrieflysummarizedasfollows:1.Theint

2、egratedwholenessoftheorganismmustbeoneofthefoundationstonesofmotivationtheory.2.Thehungerdrive(oranyotherphysiologicaldrive)wasre-jectedasacenteringpointormodelforadefinitivetheoryofmotivation.Anydrivethatissomaticallybasedandlocalizablewasshowntobeatypicalrather

3、thantypicalinhumanmotivation.3.Suchatheoryshouldstressandcenteritselfuponultimateorbasicgoalsratherthanpartialorsuperficialones,uponendsratherthanmeanstotheseends.Suchastresswouldimplyamorecentralplaceforunconsciousthanforconsciousmotivations.4.Thereareusuallyava

4、ilablevariousculturalpathstothesamegoal.Thereforeconscious,specific,local-culturaldesiresarenotasfundamentalinmotivationtheoryasthemorebasic,un-consciousgoals.5.Anymotivatedbehavior,eitherpreparatoryorconsumma-tory,mustbeunderstoodtobeachannelthroughwhichmanybasi

5、cneedsmaybesimultaneouslyexpressedorsatisfied.Typicallyanacthasmorethanonemotivation.6.Practicallyallorganismicstatesaretobeunderstoodasmotivatedandasmotivating.7.Humanneedsarrangethemselvesinhierarchiesofpre-potency.Thatistosay,theappearanceofoneneedusuallyrests

6、onthepriorsatisfactionofanother,morepre-potentneed.Manisaperpetuallywantinganimal.Alsononeedordrivecanbetreatedasifitwereisolatedordiscrete;everydriveisrelatedtothestateofsatisfactionordissatisfactionofotherdrives.8.Listsofdriveswillgetusnowhereforvarioustheoreti

7、calandpracticalreasons.Furthermoreanyclassificationofmotivations370ATHEORYOFHUMANMOTIVATION371mustdealwiththeproblemoflevelsofspecificityorgeneralizationofthemotivestobeclassified.9.Classificationsofmotivationsmustbebasedupongoalsratherthanuponinstigatingdrivesor

8、motivatedbehavior.10,Motivationtheoryshouldbehuman-centeredratherthananimal-centered.n.Thesituationorthefieldinwhichtheorganismreactsmustbetakenintoaccountbutt