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1、RockMechRockEng(2013)46:581–609DOI10.1007/s00603-013-0391-xORIGINALPAPERCoupledNumericalEvaluationsoftheGeomechanicalInteractionsBetweenaHydraulicFractureStimulationandaNaturalFractureSysteminShaleFormationsN.B.Nagel•M.A.Sanchez-Nagel•F.Zhang•X.Garcia•B.LeeReceived:10Febr
2、uary2013/Accepted:15February2013/Publishedonline:7March2013ÓSpringer-VerlagWien2013AbstractDuetothelowpermeabilityofmanyshaleKeywordsHydraulicfracturingNumericalsimulationreservoirs,multi-stagehydraulicfracturinginhorizontalNaturalfracturesStimulationStimulationoptimi
3、zationwellsisusedtoincreasetheproductive,stimulatedreser-WellcompletionDiscreteelementmodelingHorizontalvoirvolume.However,eachcreatedhydraulicfracturewellMulti-stagefracturingaltersthestressfieldaroundit,andsubsequentfracturesareaffectedbythestressfieldfrompreviousfrac
4、tures.Theresultsofanumericalevaluationoftheeffectofstressfield1Introductionchanges(stressshadowing),asafunctionofnaturalfrac-tureandgeomechanicalproperties,arepresented,includingBysomeestimates,thereare688shaleformationsin142adetailedevaluationofnaturalfractureshearfailure
5、(and,basinsworldwide(WEC2010).Withinthese,therearebyanalogy,thegeneratedmicroseismicity)duetoacreatedbelievedtobeasmuchas16,100tcfofshalegasresource,hydraulicfracture.Thenumericalsimulationswereper-ofwhich40%(6,400tcf)areconsideredtobeeconomi-formedusingcontinuumanddiscre
6、teelementmodelingcallyrecoverable(WEC2010).IntheUnitedStatesalone,approachesinbothmechanical-onlyandfullycoupled,theestimatedtechnicallyrecoverableshalegasresourcehydro-mechanicalmodes.Theresultsshowthecriticalhasbeenestimatedashighas827tcf(EIA2011),thoughimpactsthatthest
7、ressfieldchangesfromacreatedthe2012updatewasreviseddownto482tcfduetorevi-hydraulicfracturehaveontheshearofthenaturalfracturesionsintheshalegasresourceintheMarcellusshale(EIAsystem,whichin-turn,significantlyaffectsthesuccessof2012a).Shaleoilproductionisequallyimportant,ifnot
8、thehydraulicfracturestimulation.Furthermore,theresultsmoreso,and,intheUnitedStates,NorthDakotais
