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1、AnalogIntegratedCircuitsandSignalProcessing,27,179–189,2001C2001KluwerAcademicPublishers.ManufacturedinTheNetherlands.DesignProcedureforTwo-StageCMOSTransconductanceOperationalAmplifiers:ATutorialG.PALMISANO,G.PALUMBOANDS.PENNISIDipartimentoElettricoE
2、lettronicoeSistemistico,Universita’diCatania,VialeAndreaDoria,6I-95125Catania,ItalyTel:++39.095.73823.05/13/18Fax:39.095.330793E-mail:gpalmisano@dees.unict.it;gpalumbo@dees.unict.it;spennisi@dees.unict.itReceivedApril1,1999;RevisedJuly24,2000;Accepted
3、September12,2000Abstract.Thispaperdealswithwell-defineddesigncriteriafortwo-stageCMOStransconductanceoperationalamplifiers.Anovelandsimpledesignprocedureispresented,whichallowselectricalparameterstobeunivocallyrelatedtothevalueofeachcircuitelementandbia
4、singvalue.Unlikepreviousmethods,theproposedoneissuitedforapencil-and-paperdesignandyieldsaccurateperformanceoptimizationwithoutintroducingunnecessarycircuitconstraints.Bandwidthoptimizationstrategiesarealsodiscussed.SPICEsimulationsbasedontheproposedp
5、roceduresaregivenwhichcloselyagreetheexpectedresults.KeyWords:CMOS,amplifiers,OTAs,analogdesign,frequencycompensationI.Introductiontios,biascurrentandcompensationcapacitor)tobeuni-vocallyrelatedtotherequiredamplifierperformance.Thetwo-stageoperationaltr
6、ansconductanceamplifierInsuchaway,OTAparametersareoptimizedwitha(OTA)inFig.1isawidelyusedanalogbuildingblockstraightforwardpencil-and-paperanalysisusingaccu-[1–5].Indeed,itidentifiesaverysimpleandrobustratedesignequations.topologywhichprovidesgoodvalues
7、formostofitsThedesignprocedureisbasedonthefollowingmainelectricalparameterssuchasdcgain,outputswing,parameters:noise,phasemargin(M),gain-bandwidthlinearity,CMRR,etc.AlthoughthetermOTAwasorig-product(fGBW),loadcapacitance(CL),slewrate(SR),inallyconcei
8、vedforoperationaltransconductanceam-inputcommonmoderange(CMR),outputswing(OS),plifierswithlineartransconductance(usedfortheim-andinputoffsetvoltage(duetosystematicerrors).plementationofcontinuous-timefilters),forthesakeofWhenMisnotgivenitissett