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1、No.1孙远的工具箱（思想类）思想类1・criticalthinkingCriticalthinkingisapathtointellectualadventure・Thoughtherearedozensofpossibleapproaches,theprogresscanbeboileddowntoconcretesteps.Bewillingtosay“Idon'tknow"Someofthemostprofoundthinkersofourtimehavepracticedtheartocriticalthinkingby
2、usingtwomagicphrases:Idon'tknowandIamnotsureyet・Thosearewordsmanypeopledonotliketohear.Weliveintimeswhenpeoplearecriticizedforchangingtheirminds.Oursocietyrewardsquickanswersandquotable“soundbites/5We'reunderconsiderablepressuretoutterthetruthin15secondsorlessInsuchas
3、ociety,itisacourageousandunusualacttopause,tolook,toexamine,tobethoughtfultoconsidermanypointsoview—andtonotknow.Whenasocietyembraceshalf-truthsinablindrushforcertainty,commitmenttouncertaintycanmoveusforward・ThinkagainWhenweusethebase-threenumbersystem,twoplustwoequa
4、ls11.Achildlearningtowritenumbersmightinsistthattwoandtwomakes22.Andabiologistmightjokethattwoplustwoaddsuptoawholelotmorethanfourwhenwe'retalkingaboutthereproductivelifeforrabbits・DefineyourtermsPracticetoleraneeHavingopinionsaboutissuesisnatural.Whenyoustophavingopi
5、nions,youareprobablynotbreathinganymore・Theproblemcomeswhenweholdopinionsinawaythatleadstodefensiveness,put-downs,orput-offs・Goinghandinhandwithcriticalthinkingistoleranceforattitudesthatdiffersfromyours.Considerthatmanyoftheideaswecurrentlyaccept—democracy,Christiani
6、ty,votingrightsforwomen,civilrightsforpeopleofcolor—wereonceconsideredtheclaimsof"dangerous55andunpopularminorities・Thishistoricalperspectivehelpsusacceptatenetofcriticalthinking:Whatseemsoutlandishtodaymaybecomeacceptedacentury,adecade,orevenayearfromnow.Understandbe
7、forecriticizingStrictlyspeaking,noneofuslivesinthesameworld.Ourhabits,preferences,outlooksandvaluesareasindividualasourfingerprints・Eachofthemisshapedbyourculture,ourupbringing,ourexperience,andourchoices・Speeches,books,articles,worksforart,televisionprograms,viewsexp
8、ressesinconversation—allcomefrompeoplewhoinhabitadifferentworldthanyours・Untilwe'velivesinanotherperson'sworldforawhile,ifsi
