02-Atoms and the Atomic Theory .pdf

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1、Chemistry140Fall2002Contents2-1Earlychemicaldiscoveries早期化学发现2-2ElectronsandtheNuclearAtom电子和原子核2-3ChemicalElements化学元素2-4AtomicMasses原子量2-5Periodictable周期表Chapter2:AtomsandtheAtomicTheory第二章原子和原子论2-6TheMole摩尔Slide1of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍Slide2of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍

2、2-1EarlyDiscoveries（早期发现）Example2-1ApplyingtheLawofConserivationofMass.•A0.455-gsampleofmagnesiumisallowedtoburnLavoisier1774Lawofconservationofmassin2.315gofoxygengas.Thesoleproductis质量守恒定律magnesiumoxide.AfterthereactionnomagnesiumProust1799Lawofconstantcompositionremainsandthemassofunreac

3、tedoxygenis2.015定组成定律g.Whatmassofmagnesiumoxideisproduced?Dalton1803-1888AtomicTheorymassbeforereaction=0.455gmagnesium+2.315goxygen=2.770g原子论massafterreaction=?gmagnesiumoxide+2.015goxygen=2770g?gmagnesiumoxide=2770-2.015=0.755gSlide3of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍Slide4of38GeneralChem

4、istry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍1Chemistry140Fall2002Dalton’sAtomicTheory（道尔顿原子论）ConsequencesofDalton’stheory(结果）ÅEachelementiscomposedofsmallparticlescalledatoms.©LawofDefiniteProportions:combinationsofelementsareinratiosofsmallwholenumbers.倍比定律每一元素都是由称为“原子”的微粒组成的ÇAtomsareneithercreatednordestroyedinc

5、hemicalreactions.∫Informingcarbonmonoxide,1.33g在化学反应中，原子不会消失，也不无中生有ofoxygencombineswith1.0gofÉAllatomsofagivenelementareidenticalcarbon.同一元素的原子彼此是相同的∫IntheformationofcarbondioxideÑCompoundsareformedwhenatomsofmorethanoneelement2.66gofoxygencombineswith1.0gcombineofcarbon.两种和两种以上原子化合，就生成化合物S

6、lide5of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍Slide6of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍2-2Behaviorofcharges（电荷的性质）Cathoderaytube（阴极射线管）阴极不可见的阴极射线真空管同性相斥，异性相吸阳极在磁场中运动方向会偏转荧光屏高压电源Slide7of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍Slide8of38GeneralChemistry:Chapter2化学化工刘巍2Chemistry140Fall2002Propertiesofcatho

7、derays（阴极射线性质）Chargeontheelectron（电子的电荷）∫From1906-1914RobertMillikanshowedionizedoildropscanbebalancedagainstthepullofgravitybyanelectricfield.Electronm/e=-5.6857x10-9gcoulomb-1电离了的油滴在电场中可获得抵抗重力的作用力电子的质荷比（m/e)＝-5.6857x10-9克/库仑∫Thechargeisanintegralmultip