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1、ExploringTranslationTheoriesAnthonyPymRoutledge,2010Additionalchapter:Descriptions–theintellectualbackgroundThismaterialexplainsthehistoricalbackgroundoftheconceptspresentedinchapter5oftheprintedbook.Ifwesetouttodescribeatranslationoranactoftranslating,thesimpledescriptionmightseemtorequiren
2、ograndtheory.Infact,itcouldbeconsideredtoosimpletobetakenseriouslybyscholars.SomeofthemostsignificantconceptsinEuropeantranslationtheoryhaveneverthelesscomefromwhatweshallcallabroad“descriptiveparadigm,”andthischapterdescribesthewaysthatparadigmdevelopedinthetwentiethcentury.Thisbackgroundsh
3、ouldhelpconnecttranslationtheorytosomeofthemainanti-humanistcurrentsoftheday.Itisalsointendedtocorrectsomecommonmisunderstandings,particularlywithrespecttothemanywaysthevariousschoolsandcenterswereinterconnected.WeplacesomeemphasisontheRussianFormalists,eventhoughtheydidnotproduceanymajorwor
4、ksontranslation.ThisisbecausethekeyideasoftheFormalistscanbetracedthroughvariouspathsthroughoutthecentury,reachingseveralpointsatwhichmajortranslationtheoriesdiddevelop.ThefirstconnectioniswiththeworkdoneinPrague,Bratislavaand,morelooselyconnected,Leipzig.Thesecondlinkiswiththe“TelAvivschool
5、”(Even-Zohar,TouryandthedevelopmentofDescriptiveTranslationStudies).AndthethirdlinkisthroughHollandandFlanders.Whenliteraryscholarsfromthosethreeareasmetanddiscussedtheirprojectsataseriesofconferences,TranslationStudiesstartedtotakeshapeasanacademicdiscipline.Thatiswhythehistoryisimportant—t
6、hisparticularparadigmdoesnotcomefromthesamerootsastheothersmentionedinthisbook.Thesecondhalfofthechapterdescribesthemainconceptsusedwithindescriptivestudies:translationshifts,systemsandpolysystems,“assumedtranslations,”andafocusonthetargetside.Inthenextchapterwelookmorecloselyatsomeofthefind
7、ingsthathavecomefromthegeneraldescriptiveapproach.SpecialthankstoItamarEven-Zohar,GideonToury,ZuzanaJettmarová,JanaKrálováandChristinaSchäffnerfortheirhelpandadvicewiththischapter.Themainpointscoveredinthischapterare:-DescriptiveTranslationStudiesd