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1、TheRestlessUniverse:UnderstandingX-rayAstronomyintheAgeofChandraandNewtonEricM.SchlegelOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSTheRestlessUniverseThispageintentionallyleftblankTHERESTLESSUNIVERSEUnderstandingX-rayAstronomyintheAgeofChandraandNewtonEricM.SchlegelOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBu
2、enosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoandanassociatedcompanyinBerlinCopyright©byEricM.SchlegelPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.MadisonAvenue,N
3、ewYork,NewYorkwww.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermis
4、sionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableISBN---PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperTothememoryofmyfather,WilliamH.Schlegel(–),formuch-neededadviceatanunexpectedtime;mymother,JaneS.Schlegel,for
5、continuallyasking,“WhenwillIseeyournameinthepaper?”towhichIanswer,“Willthisbookdoinstead?”;andmywife,LisaM.Schlegel,forallhersupportandencouragement.ThispageintentionallyleftblankCONTENTSPrefaceOverview.“Bythreemethodswemaylearnwisdom...”(inwhichtheReadermeetsthreeX-ra
6、ysatellites).“...andknowtheplaceforthefirsttime.”(inwhichtheReaderlearnshowtolocatecelestialsourcesofXrays).“...everysolutionservesonlytosharpentheproblem,toshowusmoreclearlywhatweareupagainst...”(inwhichtheReadersharpensthoselocations).“Sometimesyougetshownthelightinth
7、estrangestofplacesifyoulookatitright.”(inwhichtheReaderlearnsaboutbrightnessandluminosity).Veritatemdiesapertit.(Timediscoversthetruth.)(inwhichtheReaderseestheimportanceofarrivaltimes).“...aspectrumisworthathousandpictures.”(inwhichtheReaderencountersspectroscopy).“W
8、e’reallnothingbutunifiedarrangementsofatoms...”(inwhichthe
