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1、ADictionaryofEpidemiologyThispageintentionallyleftblankADictionaryofofEpidemiologyFifthEditionEditedfortheInternationalEpidemiologicalAssociationbyMiquelPortaProfessorofPreventiveMedicine&PublicHealthSchoolofMedicine,UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelonaSeniorScientist,InstitutMunicipald’Investiga
2、cióMèdicaBarcelona,SpainAdjunctProfessorofEpidemiology,SchoolofPublicHealthUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillAssociateEditorsSanderGreenlandJohnM.Last120081OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurtherOxfordUniversity’sobjectiveexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationOxfordNe
3、wYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamCopyright©1983,198
4、8,1995,2001,2008InternationalEpidemiologicalAssociation,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup-usa.orgAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,ph
5、otocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.ThiseditionwaspreparedwithsupportfromEsteveFoundation(Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain)(http://www.esteve.org)LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAdictionaryofepidemiology/editedfortheInternationalEpidemiol
6、ogicalAssociationbyMiquelPorta;associateeditors,JohnM.Last...[etal.].—5thed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978–0-19–531449–6ISBN978–0-19–531450–2(pbk.)1.Epidemiology—Dictionaries.I.Porta,Miquel–II.InternationalEpidemiologicalAssociation.RA651.D5532000614.4′03—dc2100–0375
7、04246897531PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperForewordTowriteadictionaryinanyscientificdisciplineisariskyendeavor,becausescientistsoftendisagree.Thenatureofscienceisnottoreachconsensusbuttoadvanceourknowledgebybringingconflictingideastocritic