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1、BEINGLOGICALBeingLogicalAGUIDEtoGOODTHINKINGD.Q.MclnernyRANDOMHOUSEi^MMlNEWYORKCopyright©2004byD.Q.MclnernyAllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.PublishedintheUnitedStatesbyRandomHouse,animprintofTheRandomHousePublishingGroup,adivisionofRandomHouse,Inc.,NewYork
2、,andsimultaneouslyinCanadabyRandomHouseofCanadaLimited,Toronto.RANDOMHOUSEandcolophonareregisteredtrademarksofRandomHouse,Inc.LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAMclnerny,D.Q.Beinglogical:aguidetogoodthinking/D.Q.Mclnerny.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN1-4000-6171-71.Logi
3、c.2.Reasoning.3.Thoughtandthinking.I.Title.BC71.M372004160—dc222003058779TextdesignbyMaryA.WirthPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperRandomHousewebsiteaddress:www.atrandom.com987654321FirstEditionINMEMORIAMAUSTINCLIFFORDMCINERNYandVIVIANGERTRUDERUSHMCINERNYWemaytakeFancyforacompani
4、on,butmustfollowReasonasourguide.—DR.SAMUELJOHNSONPrefaceLOGICISABOUTclearandeffectivethinking.Itisasci•enceandanart.Thisbookisintendedtointroducereaderstotherudimentsofthescienceaswellastothebasicskillsassociatedwiththeart.Weallknowpeoplewhoareverybrightbutwhodonotalwaysshinewhenitcomestobein
5、glogical.Theyhavetheabilitytothinklogically—thatis,clearlyandeffectively—butthatabilitydoesnothabituallymanifestitself.Thelike•lihoodisthatithasneverbeenproperlydeveloped,pointingtoadeficiencyintheireducation.Indeed,logicistheverybackboneofatrueeducation,andyetitisseldomtaughtassuchinAmericans
6、chools.Tomymind,logicisthemissingpieceoftheAmericaneducationalsystem,thesub•jectthatinformseveryothersubjectfromEnglishtohistorytoscienceandmath.Somereaders,especiallyifthisbookrepresentstheirfirstseriousencounterwithlogic,mightreactskittishlytowhatappearstobeanoverlytechnicalvocabulary,ortoth
7、e1XXPrefacesymbolicnotationthatlogicmakesfrequentuseof.Don'tbescaredoffbyinitialimpressions.IhavemadeaconcertedefforttopresentwhatevertechnicalmattersIdealwithhere(whichinanyeventarenotallthattrying)inassimpleanduncomplicatedawayaspossi
