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1、BEINGLOGICALBeingLogicalAGUIDEtoGOODTHINKINGD.Q.MclnernyRANDOMHOUSEi^MMlNEWYORKCopyright©2004byD.Q.MclnernyAllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.PublishedintheUnitedStatesbyRandomHouse,animprintofTheRandomHousePublishingGroup,adivisiono
2、fRandomHouse,Inc.,NewYork,andsimultaneouslyinCanadabyRandomHouseofCanadaLimited,Toronto.RANDOMHOUSEandcolophonareregisteredtrademarksofRandomHouse,Inc.LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAMclnerny,D.Q.Beinglogical:aguidetogoodthinking/D.Q.Mclnerny.p.cm.Include
3、sbibliographicalreferences.ISBN1-4000-6171-71.Logic.2.Reasoning.3.Thoughtandthinking.I.Title.BC71.M372004160—dc222003058779TextdesignbyMaryA.WirthPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperRandomHousewebsiteaddress:www.atrandom.com987654321FirstEditionINMEMORIAMA
4、USTINCLIFFORDMCINERNYandVIVIANGERTRUDERUSHMCINERNYWemaytakeFancyforacompanion,butmustfollowReasonasourguide.—DR.SAMUELJOHNSONPrefaceLOGICISABOUTclearandeffectivethinking.Itisasci•enceandanart.Thisbookisintendedtointroducereaderstotherudimentsofthescienceaswellastotheba
5、sicskillsassociatedwiththeart.Weallknowpeoplewhoareverybrightbutwhodonotalwaysshinewhenitcomestobeinglogical.Theyhavetheabilitytothinklogically—thatis,clearlyandeffectively—butthatabilitydoesnothabituallymanifestitself.Thelike•lihoodisthatithasneverbeenproperlydevelope
6、d,pointingtoadeficiencyintheireducation.Indeed,logicistheverybackboneofatrueeducation,andyetitisseldomtaughtassuchinAmericanschools.Tomymind,logicisthemissingpieceoftheAmericaneducationalsystem,thesub•jectthatinformseveryothersubjectfromEnglishtohistorytoscienceandmath
7、.Somereaders,especiallyifthisbookrepresentstheirfirstseriousencounterwithlogic,mightreactskittishlytowhatappearstobeanoverlytechnicalvocabulary,ortothe1XXPrefacesymbolicnotationthatlogicmakesfrequentuseof.Don'tbescaredoffbyinitialimpressions.Ihavemadeaconcertedeffortto
8、presentwhatevertechnicalmattersIdealwithhere(whichinanyeventarenotallthattrying)inassimpleanduncomplicatedawayaspossi
