国际经济学基础chapter 3

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1、Chapter3TheStandardTradeModel1Contents3.1Introduction3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCosts3.3TheMarginalRateofTransformation3.4CommunityIndifferenceCurves3.5EquilibriuminIsolation3.6TheBasisforandtheGainsfromTradewithIncreasingCosts3.7TermsofTrade3.8Specia

2、lization,TradeandDeindustrialization23.1IntroductionToextendthesimpletrademodeltothemorerealisticcaseofincreasingopportunitycost.Taste/demandpreferenceareintroducedwithcommunityindifferencecurves.Theequilibrium-relativecommodityprice.3Introduction(cont’d)Toexamineho

3、w,withtrade,eachnationgainsbyspecializingintheproductionofthecommodityofitscomparativeadvantageandexportingsomeofitsoutputinexchangeforthecommodityofitscomparativedisadvantage.Howthetermsoftradearedetermined.Thedeindustrializationprobleminadvancedcountries.43.2TheProd

4、uctionFrontierwithIncreasingCostsIncreasingopportunitycostsmeansthatthenationmustgiveupmoreandmoreofonecommoditytoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Increasingopportunitycostsresultinaproductionfrontierthatisconcavefromtheorigin,ra

5、therthanastraightline.53.3MarginalrateoftransformationThemarginalrateoftransformation(MRT)ofXforYreferstotheamountofYthatanationmustgiveuptoproduceeachadditionalunitofX.MRT=opportunityofcost,andisgivenbytheslopeoftheproductionfrontieratthepointofproduction.MRT=△Y/△X=

6、theslopeofPPFMRTy/xmeantherateatwhichgoodYcantransformedintogoodX.6ReasonsforIncreasingopportunitycostsresourcesorfactorsofproductionarenothomogeneous;resourcesorfactorsofproductionarenotusedinthesamefixedproportionorintensityintheproductionofallcommodities.7Thediffe

7、rentPPFThedifferenceintheproductionfrontierisdueto:–Differentfactorendowmentsorresourcesattheirdisposal;–Usedifferenttechnologiesinproduction.Therealworldcase…?–Notwonationshaveidenticalfactorendowments(evenwiththeaccesstothesametechnology).83.4CommunityIndifferenceCu

8、rvesFinalpatternoftradedependsnotjustonsupply,butalsoondemand-whichisdeterminedbyincome&individualtastes.Tas