Semiconducting and Metallic Polymers.pdf

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1、REVIEWSSemiconductingandMetallicPolymers:TheFourthGenerationofPolymericMaterials(NobelLecture)**AlanJ.Heeger*Whenaskedtoexplaintheimpor-nationofpropertiesnotavailablefromKeywords:conductingmaterials´tanceofthediscoveryofconduct-anyotherknownmaterials.Thefirstdoping´Nobellecture´ingpolymers,Ioff

2、ertwobasicanswers:expressesanintellectualchallenge;thepolyacetylene´solid-statephysicsfirsttheydidnot(couldnot?)exist,andsecondexpressesapromiseforutilityinsecond,thattheyofferauniquecombi-awidevarietyofapplications.1.Introduction*FinallyÐandperhapsmostimportantÐconductingpoly-mersofferedthepro

3、miseofachievinganewgenerationofIn1976,AlanMacDiarmid,HidekiShirakawa,andI,polymers:materialswhichexhibittheelectricalandopticaltogetherwithatalentedgroupofgraduatestudentsandpost-propertiesofmetalsorsemiconductorsandwhichretaindoctoralresearchersdiscoveredconductingpolymersandthetheattractiveme

4、chanicalpropertiesandprocessingadvan-abilitytodopethesepolymersoverthefullrangefromtagesofpolymers.insulatortometal.[1,2]ThiswasparticularlyexcitingbecauseitConductingpolymersarethemostrecentgenerationofpolymers.[3]Polymericmaterialsintheformofwood,bone,createdanewfieldofresearchontheboundarybe

5、tweenchemistryandcondensed-matterphysics,andbecauseitskin,andfibershavebeenusedbymansinceprehistorictime.createdanumberofopportunities:Althoughorganicchemistryasasciencedatesbacktotheeighteenthcentury,polymerscienceonamolecularbasisisa*Conductingpolymersopenedthewaytoprogressinunderstandingthef

6、undamentalchemistryandphysicsofdevelopmentofthetwentiethcentury.HermannStaudingerp-bondedmacromoleculesdevelopedtheconceptofmacromoleculesduringthe1920s.Staudingersproposalwasopenlyopposedbyleadingscien-*Conductingpolymersprovidedanopportunitytoaddressquestionsthathadbeenoffundamentalinterestt

7、otists,butthedataeventuallyconfirmedtheexistenceofquantumchemistryfordecades:macromolecules.StaudingerwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinIstherebondalternationinlong-chainpolyenes?Chemistryin1953ªforhisdiscoveriesinthefieldofWhatistherelati