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1、CondensedMatterPhysicsSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergGmbHGertStroblCondensedMatterPhysicsCrystals,Liquids,LiquidCrystals,andPolymersWith169FiguresTranslationoftheOriginalGermanVersionbyStevenP.Brown13ProfessorGertStroblPhysikalischesInstitutAlbert-Ludwigs-UniversitätFreiburg7
2、9104FreiburgGermanye-mail:gert.strobl@physik.uni-freiburg.deTranslator:Dr.StevenP.BrownDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofWarwickCoventryCV47ALUnitedKingdomCatalog-in-PublicationDataappliedforAcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.Bibliographicinformationpub
3、lishedbyDieDeutscheBibliothekDieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataisavailableintheInternetat.ISBN978-3-540-00353-3ISBN978-3-642-18558-8(eBook)DOI10.1007/978-3-642-18558-8Thisworkissubjecttocopyr
4、ight.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermitte
5、donlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.http://www.springer.decSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2004Theuseofgenera
6、ldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantpro-tectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesettingandproduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzi
7、gCoverdesign:design&production,HeidelbergPrintedonacid-freepaper2/3141/YL543210PrefaceWhileanintroductiontosolid-statephysicsalwaysconstitutesanimportantpartofaphysicsdegreecourse,thestudentsusuallylearnverylittle,ifany-thing,aboutthephysicsofliquidsandnon-crystallinesolids.T
8、hisisdifficulttounderstandgiventheimportanceofthesematerialsintoday’sw