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1、JohnC.Calhoun'sRemarkstotheSenateoftheUnitedStatesJohnC.Calhoun'sRemarkstotheSenateoftheUnitedStatesJohnC.CalhounJohnC.Calhoun'sRemarkstotheSenateoftheUnitedStatesMr.President:AtthelastsessionofCongress,itwasavowedonallsidesthatthepublicdebt,astoallpracticalpurposes,wasinfactpaid,thesmall
2、surplusremainingbeingnearlycoveredbythemoneyintheTreasuryandthebondsfordutieswhichhadalreadyaccrued;butwiththearrivalofthiseventourlasthopewasdoomedtobedisappointed.Afteralongsessionofmanymonths,andthemostearnesteffortonthepartofSouthCarolinaandtheotherSouthernStatestoobtainrelief,allthat
3、couldbeeffectedwasasmallreductionofsuchacharacterthat,whileitdiminishedtheamountofburden,itdistributedthatburdenmoreunequallythaneventheobnoxiousActof1828;reversingtheprincipleadoptedbytheBillof1816,oflayinghigherdutiesontheunprotectedthantheprotectedarticles,byrepealingalmostentirelythed
4、utieslaidupontheformer,andimposingtheburdenalmostentirelyonthelatter.Itwasthusthat,insteadofrelief--insteadofanequaldistributionofburdensandbenefitsofthegovernment,onthepaymentofthedebt,ashadbeenfondlyanticipated--thedutiesweresoarrangedastobe,infact,bountiesononesideandtaxationontheother
5、;thusplacingthetwogreatsectionsofthecountryindirectconflictinreferencetoitsfiscalaction,andtherebylettinginthatfloodofpoliticalcorruptionwhichthreatenstosweepawayourConstitutionandourliberty.Thisunequalandunjustarrangementwaspronounced,bothbytheadministration,throughitsproperorgan,theSecr
6、etaryoftheTreasury,andbytheopposition,tobea*permanent*adjustment;anditwasthusthatallhopeofreliefthroughtheactionofthegeneralgovernmentterminated;andthecrisissolongapprehendedatlengtharrived,atwhichtheStatewascompelledtochoosebetweenabsoluteacquiescenceinaruinoussystemofoppression,oraresor
7、ttoherreservedpowers--powersofwhichshealonewastherightfuljudge,andwhichonly,inthismomentousjuncture,couldsaveher.Shedeterminedonthelatter.Theconsentoftwo-thirdsofherLegislaturewasnecessaryforthecallofaconvention,whichwasconsideredtheonlylegitimateorganthroughwhichth
