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1、Passage1Sincetheonly1970's,historianshavebeguntodevoteseriousattentiontotheworkingclassintheUnitedState.Yetwhilewenowhavestudiesofworking-classcommuntiesandculture,weknowremarkablylittleofworklessness,WhenhistorianshavefocusedontheGreatDepressionofthe1930's.Thenarrownesso
2、fthisperspectiveignoresthepervasiverecessionsandjoblessnessofthepreviousdecades,asAlexanderKeyssarshowsinhisrecentbook.Examiningtheperiod1870-1920,KeyssarconcentratesonMassachusetts,wheretehhistoricalmaterialsareparticularlyrich,andthefindingsapplicabletootherindustrialar
3、eas.(TheunemploymentratesthatKeyssarcalculatesappeartoberelativelymodest,atleastbyGreatDepressionstandards:duringtheworstyears,inthe1870'sand1890's,unemploymentwasaround15percent).YetKeyssarrightlyunderstandsthatabetterwaytomeasuretheimpactofunemploymentistocalculateunemp
4、loymentfrequencies-measuringthepercentageofworkerswhoexperienceanyunemploymentinthecourseofayear.Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.Keyssaralsoscrutinizeunemploymentpatternsaccordingtoskilllevel,ethnicity,race,age,class,andgender.Hefindsthatratesofjoblessness
5、differedprimarilyaccordingtoclass:thoseinmiddle-classandwhite-collaroccupationswerefarlesslikelytobeunemployed.Yettheimpartofunemploymentonaspecificclasswasnotalwaysthesame.Evenwhendependentonthesametrade,adjoiningcommunitiescouldhavedramaticallydifferentunemploymentrates
6、.Keyssarusesthesedifferentialratestohelpexplainaphenomenonthathaspuzzledhistoriansthestartlinglyhighrateofgeo-graphicalmobilityinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates.Butmobilitywasnotthedominantworking-classstrategyforcopingwithunemployment,norwasassistancefromprivatecharite
7、sorstateagencies.Self-helpandthehelpofkingotmostworkersthroughjoblessspells.WhileKayssarmighthavespentmoretimedevelopingtheimplicationsofhisfindingonjoblessnessforcontemporarypublicpolicy,hisstudy,initsthoroughresearchandcreativeuseofquantitativeandqualitativeevidence,isa
8、modelofhistoricalanalysis.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A)recommendinganewcourseofinvesti
