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1、Passage1Sincetheonly1970's,historianshavebeguntodevoteseriousattentiontotheworkingclassintheUnitedState.Yetwhilewenowhavestudiesofworking-classcommuntiesandculture,weknowremarkablylittleofworklessness,WhenhistorianshavefocusedontheGreatDepressionofthe1930's.Thenarrownessofth
2、isperspectiveignoresthepervasiverecessionsandjoblessnessofthepreviousdecades,asAlexanderKeyssarshowsinhisrecentbook.Examiningtheperiod1870-1920,KeyssarconcentratesonMassachusetts,wheretehhistoricalmaterialsareparticularlyrich,andthefindingsapplicabletootherindustrialareas.(T
3、heunemploymentratesthatKeyssarcalculatesappeartoberelativelymodest,atleastbyGreatDepressionstandards:duringtheworstyears,inthe1870'sand1890's,unemploymentwasaround15percent).YetKeyssarrightlyunderstandsthatabetterwaytomeasuretheimpactofunemploymentistocalculateunemploymentfr
4、equencies-measuringthepercentageofworkerswhoexperienceanyunemploymentinthecourseofayear.Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.Keyssaralsoscrutinizeunemploymentpatternsaccordingtoskilllevel,ethnicity,race,age,class,andgender.Hefindsthatratesofjoblessnessdifferedprim
5、arilyaccordingtoclass:thoseinmiddle-classandwhite-collaroccupationswerefarlesslikelytobeunemployed.Yettheimpartofunemploymentonaspecificclasswasnotalwaysthesame.Evenwhendependentonthesametrade,adjoiningcommunitiescouldhavedramaticallydifferentunemploymentrates.Keyssarusesthe
6、sedifferentialratestohelpexplainaphenomenonthathaspuzzledhistoriansthestartlinglyhighrateofgeo-graphicalmobilityinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates.Butmobilitywasnotthedominantworking-classstrategyforcopingwithunemployment,norwasassistancefromprivatecharitesorstateagencies.S
7、elf-helpandthehelpofkingotmostworkersthroughjoblessspells.WhileKayssarmighthavespentmoretimedevelopingtheimplicationsofhisfindingonjoblessnessforcontemporarypublicpolicy,hisstudy,initsthoroughresearchandcreativeuseofquantitativeandqualitativeevidence,isamodelofhistoricalanal
8、ysis.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A)recommendinganewcourseofinvesti
