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1、Passage1Sincetheonly1970's,historianshavebeguntodevoteseriousattentiontotheworkingclassintheUnitedState.Yetwhilewenowhavestudiesofworking-classcommuntiesandculture,weknowremarkablylittleofworklessness,WhenhistorianshavefocusedontheGreatDepressionofthe1930's.Thenarrownessofthisperspectiveig
2、noresthepervasiverecessionsandjoblessnessofthepreviousdecades,asAlexanderKeyssarshowsinhisrecentbook.Examiningtheperiod1870-1920,KeyssarconcentratesonMassachusetts,wheretehhistoricalmaterialsareparticularlyrich,andthefindingsapplicabletootherindustrialareas.(TheunemploymentratesthatKeyssar
3、calculatesappeartoberelativelymodest,atleastbyGreatDepressionstandards:duringtheworstyears,inthe1870'sand1890's,unemploymentwasaround15percent).YetKeyssarrightlyunderstandsthatabetterwaytomeasuretheimpactofunemploymentistocalculateunemploymentfrequencies-measuringthepercentageofworkerswhoe
4、xperienceanyunemploymentinthecourseofayear.Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.Keyssaralsoscrutinizeunemploymentpatternsaccordingtoskilllevel,ethnicity,race,age,class,andgender.Hefindsthatratesofjoblessnessdifferedprimarilyaccordingtoclass:thoseinmiddle-classandwhite-collaroccu
5、pationswerefarlesslikelytobeunemployed.Yettheimpartofunemploymentonaspecificclasswasnotalwaysthesame.Evenwhendependentonthesametrade,adjoiningcommunitiescouldhavedramaticallydifferentunemploymentrates.Keyssarusesthesedifferentialratestohelpexplainaphenomenonthathaspuzzledhistoriansthestart
6、linglyhighrateofgeo-graphicalmobilityinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates.Butmobilitywasnotthedominantworking-classstrategyforcopingwithunemployment,norwasassistancefromprivatecharitesorstateagencies.Self-helpandthehelpofkingotmostworkersthroughjoblessspells.WhileKayssarmighthavespentmoreti
7、medevelopingtheimplicationsofhisfindingonjoblessnessforcontemporarypublicpolicy,hisstudy,initsthoroughresearchandcreativeuseofquantitativeandqualitativeevidence,isamodelofhistoricalanalysis.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A)recommendinganewcourseofinvesti
