simple and efficient geographic routing around obstacles for wireless sensor networks

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1、SimpleandEfficientGeographicRoutingaroundObstaclesforWirelessSensorNetworksOlivierPowell?andSotirisNikoletseas??ComputerEngineeringandInformaticsDepartmentofPatrasUniversityandResearchAcademicComputerTechnologyInstitute(CTI),Greece.Abstract.Geographicroutingisbecomingtheprotoco

2、lofchoiceformanysensornetworkapplications.Thecurrentstateoftheartisun-satisfactory:somealgorithmsareveryefficient,howevertheyrequireapreliminaryplanarizationofthecommunicationgraph.Planarizationin-ducesoverheadandisthusnotrealisticforsomescenariossuchasthecaseofhighlydynamicnet

3、worktopologies.Ontheotherhand,georout-ingalgorithmswhichdonotrelyonplanarizationhavefairlylowsuccessratesandfailtoroutemessagesaroundallbutthesimplestobstacles.Toovercometheselimitations,weproposetheGRICgeographicroutingalgorithm.Ithasabsolutelynotopologymaintenanceoverhead,a

4、lmost100%deliveryrates(whennoobstaclesareadded),bypasseslargecon-vexobstacles,findsshortpathstothedestination,resistslinkfailureandisfairlysimpletoimplement.Thecaseofhardconcaveobstaclesisalsostudied;suchobstaclesarehardinstancesforwhichperformancediminishes.1IntroductionRecen

5、tadvancesinmicro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS)haveenabledthedevelopmentofverysmallsensingdevicescalledsensornodes[1–3].Thesearesmartdeviceswithsensing,data-processingandwirelesstransmissioncapabil-itiesmeanttocollaborativelyformwirelesssensornetworks(sensornets)in-strumentin

6、gthephysicalworldbycollecting,aggregatingandpropagatingenvi-ronmentalinformationtoregionsofinterestsuchasmobileusersorfixedbasestationspossiblylinkedtoasatelliteortheInternet.Someapplicationsimplyde-ploymentinremoteorhostileenvironments(battle-field,tsunami,earth-quake,isolated

7、wild-lifeisland,spaceexplorationprogram)toassistintaskssuchastar-gettracking,enemyintrusiondetection,forestfiredetectionorenvironmentalorbiologicalmonitoring.Otherapplicationsimplydeploymentindoorsorinurbanorcontrolledenvironments,forexamplewiththepurposeofindustrialsupervis-i

8、ng,indoormicro-climatemonitoring(e.g.toreduceheatingcostbydetectingp