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1、ChapterTwoResearchBackground2.1IntroductionInthischapter,wepresentthetheoreticalframeworkandgivealiteraturereviewoftherelatedstudies.Thisstudyisbasedonthevariationtheoriesandtheirapplicationinsecondlanguagelearners‘interlanguage.Astothecomplementizervariationspecifically,weg
2、iveareviewofpreviousresearchworkinfindingthecontributingfactorsandtheaccountsscholarshaveputforwardregardingthevariationmodel.2.2TheoreticalFrameworkThepresentworkisbuiltupontwotheories:thevariationtheoryandsecondlanguageacquisitiontheory,ormorespecifically,theinterlanguaget
3、heory.Wereviewthesetwotheoriesincombination,asvariationstudiesareusedmoreandmorefrequentlyinsecondlanguageacquisitionresearch.Moreover,weprovideadefinitionofcomplementizer,thetargetphenomenonofwhatwearelookingat.2.2.1VariationinSLAItistypicaloflanguagestoprovidemorethanonewa
4、yofexpressingthesamemeaningorfunction,thedefinitionoflanguagevariation.Theabstractlinguisticconstructiscalledavariable,whichhastwoormorevariantsthatareusedindifferentproportions.Variablescanbeconcernedwithphonologicalfactors,andalsowithwordstructure,wordmeaningandsyntax.Labo
5、v(1966)conductedarathermeticuloussurveyatseveraldepartmentsintheNewYorkcitytoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakers‘socialstatusandtheirphonologicalvariations.Basedonhisfindings,Labovsuggestedthatvariabilityinlanguagewasnotfreeandrandom,butwascharacterizedby―structured5hetero
6、geneity‖—asetofsocial,interactionalandlinguisticfactorswhichhadcomplexeffectsonthelinguisticformsfoundwithinaspeechcommunity(agroupofpeoplewhosharedasetofnormsandexpectationsregardingtheuseoflanguage).Labov‘sworkledresearcherstothebroadfieldoflanguagevariationstudies,notonly
7、innativelanguageacquisition,butalsoinsecondlanguageacquisition.Young(1988,p.281)identifiedvariationas―oneoftheabidingproblemsofsecondlanguageacquisition.‖VariationwasimmediatelyobviousinthefactthatJapaneselearnersofEnglish,forinstance,sometimespronouncedEnglish/r/as/l/,ortha
8、tChineseandVietnameselearnersofEnglishdidnotalwaysmarknounplurals,etc.The19