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1、TheCaseofSamplesintheMusicIndustryLI866-ScottA.ReedThemusicindustryisanarearichwithcopyrightconflictandinfringement.Fromissuesrelatingtoso-calledmusicpiracytodigital-rightsmanagementsoftwareschemes,theworldofmusicisnevershortofinterestingcopyrighttop
2、ics.Inthispaper,Iwillbediscussingtheuseof"samples"inthemusicindustry.Iwillcoverwhatsamplesare,whatcopyrightissuesareinvolvedwiththeiruse,abriefhistoryofsamplesuptothemid-1990s,apivotalcaseinsamplinginvolvingahip-hopartistanda1970sfolkartist,andthefol
3、low-uptothatcaseandthecurrentsamplelandscape.InadditionIwillincludecriticalcommentaryaboutissuesrelatedtosampling.Whatis"sampling"?Samplingisatermusedinthemusicindustrytomeanaselectionofsoundusedwithinaworkforone-timeeffect,orusedrepeatedlyasaninstru
4、ment.AmericanHeritageCollegeDictionary.(3rded.).(1993).Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany.,Kravis,232Typically,samplesareshortinduration(usuallyatmaximumacoupleofseconds)andareeitherusedindividuallyforeffect,orarerepeatedor"looped"tocreateanaudioeffect(e.
5、g.abeatorbackground).ThesamplesarecreatedwithamachinecalledaSampler,orarecreatedusingcomputersoftwareortapetechnology;someespeciallyproficientDJscanevencreateandusesamplesthroughcreativeuseofturntablesorotherplaybackdevicesduringliveperformancesorstu
6、diorecordingsessions.Samplescomefromavarietyofothersources,includingnaturallyoccurringsoundstomachinery,butinthispaperIwillbefocusingontheuseofsamplesthatcomefromothercreativemusicrecordings,asthesetypesofsamplesaretheonesthathavecopyrightimplication
7、s.Samplinghasbeenusedinthemusicindustryforsometime.SamplingoriginatedinJamaicainthe1960swhenDJsusedmusicfromJamaicanandnon-Jamaicanrecordingstocreatenewsoundcreationbyusingportionsofeachinperformances.Newtonv.Diamond,388F.3d1189,1192(9thCir.2003).Fro
8、mtherethepracticespreadtootherareasandbecameincorporatedintootherartists'works.TheBeatlessong"Revolution9"usesatypeofsamplingwhereasinglerecordedphraseisusedrepeatedlythroughoutthepiece.TheBeatles.(group).(1968).(self-titled)(aka"TheWhiteAlbum")[Audi