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1、STRUCTUREDCONTROVERSYACaseStudyStrategyDNAFingerprintingintheCourtsClydeFreemanHerreidSciencehasalwaysbeenfilledwithcontroversywhethertheissueistheBigBanghypothesisversusthesteadystateuniverse,thecoldfusiondebate,orthewaveversusparticletheoriesofthenatureofligh
2、t.Itisthenatureofthebusinesstoquestion,debate,andargue.Scienceisnotspecialinthatregard.Humansocietyasawholeisbesiegedbydebateandprobablyalwayshasbeen.ItispersonifiedbyAdamandEvearguingwiththeserpent.ItisGalileoGalileiattheInquisition.ItisBobDoleversusBillClinto
3、n.Formaldebatetechniqueispartofalawyer'sarsenal.Theseedsoftheadversarialapproachtoproblemsaresowninlawschoolclassrooms,nurturedinmootcourtrooms,andreachfullbloominthecriminalandcivilcourthousesofAmerica.Whateverelseitdoes,theadversarialsystemhonesthewitsofthepa
4、rticipantsandbringstheissuesofanyproblemintosharpfocus.However,itleaveslittleroomforcompromise.Indeed,itseemsthedebatersareoftenmoreinterestedinwinningtheargumentthanseekingjusticeortruth.Furthermore,muchoflifeisnotazero-sumgamewherethereisawinnerandaloser.Many
5、wouldarguethatcooperationandnegotiationtowardsacompromiseisabettermodelforlife.Infact,manyofthegreatdebatesinscienceendedwithacompromisesolution,whichbringsustothetechniqueathand.Structuredcontroversyisateachingtechniquethatusesthestrengthsofconventionaldebatea
6、ndendswithtwosidesseekingwaystoresolvetheconflictthroughcompromise.ItsvirtuesintheclassroomhavebeenchampionedandsummarizedbyJohnsonandJohnson(1989)andJohnson,Johnson,andHolubee(1992).Comparedtomostothermethodsofinstruction,structuredcontroversyresultsingreaters
7、tudentmasteryandretentionofthematerialandagreaterabilitytogeneralizetheprincipleslearned(JohnsonandJohnson1988).Thereareatleastfourmajorcriticalthinkingskillsrequiredbythecontroversystructure(JohnsonandJohnson1989,1992):·Studentsmustcollectdataandanalyzetherese
8、archinordertopresentevidencesupportingaposition.·Studentsmustevaluateandcriticizetheopposingpositionusingrulesoflogicandevidence.Atthesametime,theymustrepeltheattackoftheiro
