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1、3TUNINGGLOSSARYCompiledbyPeterMiddletonAugust2012BeatsAperiodicriseandfallinstrength(amplitude)heardasachangeinloudnessthatoccurswhentwopitchesofslightlydifferentfrequencyareplayedtogether.If,forexample,twoinstrumentsplayA=440Hertz(Hz)andA=442Hztogether,thelistenerwillhearatoneof441Hz(theaverage
2、)whoseloudnessfluctuatesat2beatspersecondwitha“wah-wah-wah”sound.(442Hz–440Hz=2Hzorbeatspersecond)CentOneone-hundredthofasemitoneinequaltemperament.Forexample,theequallytemperedhalf-stepintervalfromCtoC#is100cents.Anoctavecontains1200cents(12semitonesx100centseach=1200).Electronictunersarealmost
3、alwayscalibratedincents.CommaThediscrepancyincentsbetweenpitchesarrivedatbytwodifferentsuccessionsofperfectfifths,the“leftovers.”Forexample,whenasuccessionofperfectbeatlessfifthsstartingonC(C-G-D-A,etc.)iscontinuedsoastoproduceeverypitch,theresultingfinalB#willnotbethesamepitchasC,butwillbe23.5c
4、entshigher.ThisiscalledthePythagoreancomma.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofcommas.DifferencetoneTonesthatoccurwithinthebrainandwhosefrequencyisusuallyequaltothedifferenceinfrequencyofthetwoprimarytones.Forexample,if1400Hzand1000Hzaresoundedtogether,adifferencetoneof400Hzwillresult.Sometimescalled
5、resultantorsubjectivetones.Veryusefulfortuningjustintervals.FrequencyThenumberofrepetitionsperunitoftime,usuallyseconds.“A440”hasafrequencyof440repetitions,orcompletecycles,persecond.MusicalfrequenciesaremeasuredinHertz(Hz).FundamentalThelowestfrequencycomponentofacomplextone.Acomplextonewillcon
6、tainharmonicsorpartialsinadditiontothefundamental.Notesare“named“basedontheirfundamentalfrequency;whenweplayAinthestaff,thefundamentalhasafrequencyof440Hz(repetitionspersecond).HarmonicAcomponentofacomplextonethatisawholenumbermultipleofthefundamentalfrequency.Thefundamentaliscalledthefirstharmo
7、nic.Forexample,thethirdharmonicofA=440is1320Hz(Eabovethestaffinjustintonation),since440x3=1320.AcommonharmonicexerciseinvolvesprogressivelyoverblowingmiddleCtoproduceCinthestaff,thenGontopofthestaff,Cabovethestaff,E,G,Bb,C.T
