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1、CompleteListofPathwaysActivationofcAMP-DependentPKAcAMP(CyclicAdenosine3',5'-monophosphate)isthefirstidentifiedsecondmessenger,whichhasafundamentalroleinthecellularresponsetomanyextracellularstimuli.ThecAMPsignalingpathwaycontrolsadiverserangeofcellularprocesses.Indeed,notonlydidcAMPprovide
2、theparadigmforthesecondmessengerconcept,butalsoprovidedtheparadigmforsignalingcompartmentalization.Thedifferentreceptors,chieflytheGPCRs(G-ProteinCoupledReceptors),AlphaandBeta-ADRs(AdrenergicReceptors),GrowthFactorreceptors,CRHR(CorticotropinReleasingHormoneReceptor),GcgR(GlucagonReceptor)
3、...AHRPathwayAHR(ArylHydrocarbonReceptor)isamemberofthebHLH(basicHelix-Loop-Helix)-PAS(Per-ARNT-Sim)familyoftranscriptionalregulatorsthatcontrolavarietyofdevelopmentalandphysiologicalevents,includingNeurogenesis,TrachealandSalivaryductformation,Toxinmetabolism,Circadianrhythms,responsetoHyp
4、oxiaandHormoneReceptorfunction.TheuniquefeatureofallbHLH-PASproteinsisthePASdomain,namedafterthefirstthreeproteinsidentifiedwiththismotif,theDrosophilaPer,HumanARNTandDrosophilaSim.ThePASdomainconsistsof260310aminoacidsandincorporatestwowell-conservedhydrophobicre...AktSignalingAkt(v-AktMur
5、ineThymomaViralOncogene)/PKB(ProteinKinase-isaSerine/threonineKinasethatisinvolvedinmediatingvariousbiologicalresponses,suchasinhibitionofApoptosisandstimulationofcellproliferation.Threemammalianisoformsarecurrentlyknown:Akt1/PKB-Alpha,Akt2/PKB-BetaandAkt3/PKB-Gamma.AllthreeisoformsofAktsha
6、reacommonstructureofthreedomains.TheN-terminusoftheproteinisaPH(PleckstrinHomology)domain,whichinteractswithmembranelipidproductssuchasPIP2(Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-Bisphosphate)andPIP3(Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Triphosphate)....All-trans-retinoicacidsignalingRetinoicAcid,alipophilicmolecu
7、leandametaboliteofVitamin-A(all-trans-Retinol),affectsgenetranscriptionandmodulatesawidevarietyofbiologicalprocesseslikeCellProliferation,Differentiation,includingApoptosis.RetinoicAcidmediatedgenetranscriptiondependsontherateoftransportofRetinoicAcidtot
